论科学的信仰维度

我们处在一个科学的时代,人类从来没有像今天这样对科学充满依赖。事实上,科学发展到今天,已经大大拓展了自己的范围,进入了信仰的领域,科学的信仰维度已经成为值得我们深入探讨的问题。而且,我们应该清楚:作为一种信仰,科学,同其他任何信仰和哲学流派一样,只是人类认识世界的方法之一。在对科学的起源及其本质的分析的基础上,通过对科学与其他信仰之间进行对比,讨论了科学的信仰维度问题。     

A size-based stock assessment model for invasive blue catfish in a Chesapeake Bay sub-estuary during 2001–2016

Stock assessment modeling provides a means to estimate the population dynamics of invasive fishes and may do so despite data limitations. Blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) were introduced to the Chesapeake Bay watershed to support recreational fisheries but also consume species of conservation need and economic importance. To assess management tradeoffs, managers need to understand the current status of the population and anticipate future population abundance and trends. A Bayesian size-based stock assessment model was used to estimate blue catfish abundance, fishing mortality, and size structure over time (2001–2016) in the tidal James River. The model estimated population size increases until around 2006, with declines in total abundance after 2011 and large blue catfish (≥80 cm total length) after 2001. These first estimates of blue catfish population dynamics in the Chesapeake Bay region provide inputs for projection models to evaluate prospective management actions and identify monitoring needs.     

长江下游粳稻稻瘟病广谱抗性基因组合模式分析

[目的]基因聚合是实现水稻稻瘟病广谱抗性的有效途径之一.通过构建粳稻背景下不同双基因聚合系,利用长江下游粳型稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzea)菌株评价其抗性效应并解析其抗性效应产生的构成因子,为长江下游粳稻抗稻瘟病育种提供广谱抗性基因组合模式和种质资源.[方法]以粳稻07GY31为背景的Piz基因座不同复...     

南京长江江豚省级自然保护区鱼类重金属含量与风险评价

为评价长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)保护区内鱼体质量金属富集现状及重金属污染对江豚的潜在影响,2018年6月、9月和12月分别在保护区江段采集了鳊、鳜、(鳖)、鲢和鲫5种鱼类,测定鱼体肌肉中的Pb、Cd、As、Cu和Zn等5种重金属元素的含量,评价保护区鱼类受重金属污染的程度.结果 ...     

基于MODIS遥感数据计算无定河流域日蒸散

为研究无定河流域日蒸散分布规律,应用遥感数据、农业气象站测量数据及Nishida模型等对该流域日蒸散进行了模拟。首先用2001～2002年晴天中国科学院禹城生态试验站Lysimeter测量日蒸散验证模型,模拟与测量的日蒸散相关系数达到0.61。随后,用该模型计算了无定河流域日蒸散,发现无定河流域日蒸散存在较为明显的空间分布规律：2001～2003年连续3年的8月份日蒸散都表现为东北部蒸散明显小于西南部,这是因为东北部基本是荒漠而东南部多是农田,且8月份日蒸散基本在2～5 mm之间变化;从2001年8月份第222 d日蒸散空间分布看,无定河主干道两边蒸散显著高于其他位置,这是由于8月份无定河流域为多雨季节,河谷土壤水分较高的缘故;从2002年内变化来看,不同的土地利用/覆被类型日平均蒸散差别不显著。     

应用于鱼道设计的新疆木扎提河斑重唇鱼的游泳能力测试

为了探究斑重唇鱼的游泳能力,给过鱼设施设计和鱼类游泳行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究以木扎提河野生斑重唇鱼(全长TL=12～16 cm)为研究对象,测定了其在(16.6±1.6)℃水温下的感应流速、临界游泳速度、爆发游泳速度及持续与耐久游泳能力。结果显示,斑重唇鱼感应流速为(0.18±0.02)m/s,相对感应流速为(1.40±0.23) BL/s (BL为体长);临界游泳速度为(1.02±0.15) m/s,相对临界游泳速度为(8.58±1.65) BL/s;爆发游泳速度为(1.39±0.17) m/s,相对爆发游泳速度为(10.92±1.86) BL/s;最大持续游泳速度为0.87 m/s,最大耐久游泳速度为1.37 m/s,与平均爆发游泳速度相近。其持续游泳时间与流速呈负相关(l g T=?5:136X+8:504)。当以斑重唇鱼为主要过鱼对象时,建议为吸引鱼类进入鱼道,进口流速设计为1.02～1.39 m/s,休息池主流设计为0.20～1.02 m/s,鱼道竖缝处流速宜低于0.85 m/s。鱼道长度为1 000 m时,鱼道内平均水流速度应低于0.78m/s。本研究结果可为新疆木扎...     

西江鱼类群落多样性及其演变

该研究于2014年在西江封开段进行了8个月的渔获物调查,采集了526尾赤眼鳟 (Squaliobarbus curriculus) 的体长、体质量等生物学信息,利用体长频率分布估算赤眼鳟生长、死亡参数,并分析渔业资源利用状况。结果显示,赤眼鳟体长-体质量的幂函数关系参数a=0.028 8,b=2.858 2。von Bertalanffy生长参数渐近体长L_inf=74 cm,生长系数K=0.1,自然死亡系数M=0.19,总死亡系数Z=1.51,捕捞死亡系数F=1.32,开发率E=0.88。渔业资源量分析显示,2014年西江封开段赤眼鳟资源量为2 234 652尾、428.558 t。单位补充量渔获量 (Yield per recruit, YPR) 模型分析显示,当前赤眼鳟首次开捕体长为12.3 cm,F为1.32,YPR为1.89 g;当首次开捕体长调整为27.8 cm、F调整为0.45时,可获得YPR 7.76 g。当前赤眼鳟资源处于过度开发状态,建议将开捕体长设为27.8 cm,将捕捞强度降至0.45。

     

新疆叶尔羌河流域4种裂腹鱼多变量形态学对比分析

为明确叶尔羌河流域4种裂腹鱼的表型差异,实验整合传统形态学和框架分析法2个数据体系,利用多变量形态学统计分析法对叶尔羌河流域裂腹鱼类(4种,494尾,48组参数)开展分析。单因子方差分析结果显示,9个参数同时在4种裂腹鱼中存在显著差异,差异主要位于头部、前躯干部和后躯干部;主成分分析结果显示,重唇裂腹鱼与厚唇裂腹鱼形态数据在PC1轴上差异显著,主要反映头部特征;而框架数据结果显示,塔里木裂腹鱼和宽口裂腹鱼在第一主成分上差异较大,主要体现在后躯干部;2个数据体系逐步判别分析分别选取8个和6个主要参数建立判别公式,初始判别成功率分别为85.7%和75.7%,散点图组质心分离,样品重叠少;聚类分析结果显示,2个数据体系均分为2个分支,其中重唇裂腹鱼单独成一支,塔里木裂腹鱼与厚唇裂腹鱼在形态上距离较近,与宽口裂腹鱼次之。研究表明,2个数据体系中,形态数据表现较优于框架数据;叶尔羌河流域4种裂腹鱼外部形态存在显著差异,利用多元统计方法可以较好区分,但仍存在一定的重叠。     

Hydrogeomorphic controls of early post-logging successional pathways in a southern floodplain forest

Successful management or restoration of southern floodplain forest ecosystems requires an understanding of how subtle changes in environmental conditions such as site hydroperiod affect species suitability as well as the importance of recruitment limitation. In this research, we examined the effects of elevation, modeled flood regime, soil conditions and forest proximity on early, post-logging succession in clearcuts on the Congaree River floodplain near Columbia, South Carolina. Analyses of community composition clearly demonstrated that regeneration was structured along environmental gradients associated with site hydroperiod, with obligate wetland species dominating sites with the lowest elevations and deepest projected flood inundation depths. The effects of soil characteristics on site composition were in some cases inter-correlated with site hydroperiod, reflecting the influence of flood regime on soil drainage, aeration, and soil redox potential. In other cases, though, site composition was distinguished along a second, but equally important, orthogonal axis that was more reflective of the effects of geomorphic history on edaphic conditions. There was no evidence that fine-scale dispersal limitation affected succession, in part because of the effects of resprouting, but it is possible that past human activities have altered landscape-scale patterns of commercially valuable species such that seed and sprout sources for advance regeneration may have been absent at the time of the most recent clearcutting. Our examination of regeneration patterns, processes and controls clarified the relationships between current conditions and community composition, but, because patterns of elevation, flooding and soil characteristics across a floodplain have their roots in geomorphic processes, they are also ultimately a reflection of past hydrogeomorphic events.     

夏大豆亩产262.1kg生理指标研究

研究了夏大豆中油－８９Ｄ亩产２６２．１ｋｇ各项生理指标：叶面积系数，开花期、结荚期、鼓粒期分别为３．９８、５．８０、４．９１；总光合势１８．２万ｍ＾２·日，平均净光合生产率４．８１ｇ／ｍ＾２·日，氮磷总积累量分别为２２．２８ｋｇ和３．１３ｋｇ，每生产１００ｋｇ籽粒需吸收氮８．５０ｋｇ，磷１．１９ｋｇ，总干物质积累８７６．４７ｋｇ，粒茎比０．５１，经济系数０．３０。