Induction of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and its influence on acaricide toxicity

Detoxification by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases is an important mechanism involved in pesticide resistance in insects and mites. The activity of these enzymes can be induced by a variety of chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six P450 inducers (phenobarbital, barbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, geraniol, isosafrole, pentamethylbenzene), known to have an inducing activity in insects and mammals, on the O-deethylation activity in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Treatment with barbital, phenobarbital and geraniol resulted in a dose-dependent increase in activity. Neither 3-methylcholanthrene, isosafrole nor pentamethylbenzene were effective inducers. Time course studies showed that induction by geraniol and barbital started rapidly within a period of 1-4 h after initiation of the treatment, while maximal activity was reached within 4 and 48 h, respectively. In addition, it was shown that induction with xenobiotic compounds can alter the monooxygenase-mediated acaricide tolerance in a susceptible strain of T. urticae. Although barbital induced higher levels of P450 activity, geraniol proved to be a better compound to decrease toxicity of the tested acaricides.     

山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用研究

采用两侧吸引作用试验测定天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在田间对山楂叶螨的搜索和控制能力。结果表明:山楂叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,排泄物对胡瓜钝绥螨没有明显的吸引作用。山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨在田间具有自动搜索山楂叶螨的能力,可用于山楂叶螨的生物防治。     

Evaluation of corn plant as potential banker plant for supporting predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in greenhouse vegetable production

The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important and highly polyphagous pests of vegetables and other crops worldwide. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) as a banker plant for the predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to potentially control T. urticae. Choice and no-choice experiments were carried out to determine the host plant preference of an alternative prey, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks)(Acari: Tetranychidae) to corn and green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Results showed that O. pratensis adults strongly preferred corn as a host plant and posed no risk to green bean. F. acarisuga was found to fly at least 7.0 m to search for new preys on green bean plants, and over 176 F. acarisuga larvae per leaf were recorded at 14 d after dispersal. F. acarisuga proved to be an excellent predator of both T. urticae and O. pratensis. The predation by F. acarisuga to T. urticae and O. pratensis ranged from 43.7 to 67.9% and 59.2 to 90.3%, respectively, under laboratory conditions. In a non-cage study, 81.2% of T. urticae population was suppressed by F. acarisuga in reference to the control (cage treatment). The results showed that this banker plant system has potential for controlling T. urticae in greenhouse vegetable production.     

沼液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果

通过室内选择性测定和田间试验,评价了沼液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的防治效果。结果表明,沼液对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊表现出一定的驱避活性,对幼虫的驱避率、拒食率分别达55.30%、53.81%,雌雄成虫选择反应率分别为33.2%、30.5%,对雌虫产卵驱避率为36.82%。田间试验结果表明,以沼液∶水(1∶1)处理幼虫、成虫,随着时间的延长防效逐渐提高,处理后45d防效达到最大,分别为43.16%、56.50%。     

朱砂叶螨对阿维菌素及高温的交互耐性

以朱砂叶螨敏感种群(SS)、抗阿维菌素种群(RA)和耐高温种群(RH)为材料,应用生物测定方法以及荧光实时定量PCR技术,研究朱砂叶螨抗药性和耐高温间存在的交互耐性及机制.结果显示:46℃高温下RH和RA种群的半致死时间(LT50)显著长于SS种群,其顺序依次是:RHRASS,阿维菌素对朱砂叶螨的半致死浓度(LC50)各种群间的顺序依次是:RARHSS,其中,RH和RA种群显著高于SS种群.这表明长期的高温胁迫能诱导其对阿维菌素药剂的抗性,同样对阿维菌素的抗药性也能诱导其对高温的耐性.SS、RA和RH经阿维菌素处理后体内O2?(超氧自由基)含量分别是对照的2.08、1.85和2.00倍,SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性分别是对照的3.81、4.84和4.26倍,CAT(过氧化氢酶)和POD(过氧化物酶)活性也都高于对照;经高温(40℃)和低温(4℃)处理后,O2?及SOD、CAT和POD活性也表现出相同的趋势.说明朱砂叶螨虫体内的O2?、SOD、CAT和POD与阿维菌素药物和热(冷)刺激有关,RA和RH在长期阿维菌素或高温胁迫作用下对保护酶活性的诱导能力加强.朱砂叶螨Tc HSP90 mRNA在正常情况下的表达是RA和RH高于SS,分别是SS的1.64倍和1.29倍,经阿维菌素、高温(40℃)和低温(4℃)处理后,RA和RH的表达量显著高于SS,表明朱砂叶螨HSP90在抗药性和耐热性方面发挥了作用.     

Acetylcholinesterase point mutations in European strains of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) resistant to organophosphates

BACKROUND: In Tetranychus urticae Koch, acetylcholinesterase insensitivity is often involved in organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CARB) resistance. By combining toxicological, biochemical and molecular data from three reference laboratory and three OP selected strains (OP strains), the AChE1 mutations associated with resistance in T. urticae were characterised. RESULTS: The resistance ratios of the OP strains varied from 9 to 43 for pirimiphos‐methyl, from 78 to 586 for chlorpyrifos, from 8 to 333 for methomyl and from 137 to 4164 for dimethoate. The insecticide concentration needed to inhibit 50% of the AChE1 activity was, in the OP strains, at least 2.7, 55, 58 and 31 times higher for the OP pirimiphos‐methyl, chlorpyrifos oxon, paraoxon and omethoate respectively, and 87 times higher for the CARB carbaryl. By comparing the AChE1 sequence, four amino acid substitutions were detected in the OP strains: (1) F331W (Torpedo numbering) in all the three OP strains; (2) T280A found in the three OP strains but not in all clones; (3) G328A, found in two OP strains; (4) A201S found in only one OP strain. CONCLUSIONS: Four AChE1 mutations were found in resistant strains of T. urticae, and three of them, F331W, G328A and A201S, are possibly involved in resistance to OP and CARB insecticides. Among them, F331W is probably the most important and the most common in T. urticae. It can be easily detected by the diagnostic PCR‐RLFP assay developed in this study. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

地椒提取物杀螨活性研究

从地椒中提取挥发油及乙醇提取物,研究并比较了地椒乙醇提取物和挥发油对棉红蜘蛛的触杀活性。结果显示地椒乙醇提取物对棉红蜘蛛显示出很强的触杀作用,其毒力回归方程为Y=4.2967+1.1792x,LD50为3.95 mg/mL;地椒挥发油对棉红蜘蛛也具有显著的触杀活性,触杀作用的毒力回归方程为Y=4.6691+1.4427,LD50为1.70 mg/mL,低于乙醇提取物LD50,显示其杀螨活性较乙醇提取物更高。此外,杀卵活性试验也显示地椒挥发油的杀卵作用要高于地椒乙醇提取物,其挥发油和乙醇提取物的杀卵LC50分别为2.241和5.714 mg/mL。     

18g／L阿维菌素乳油防治棉花红蜘蛛试验

进行田间试验以明确18g/L阿维菌素乳油防治棉花红蜘蛛的效果。结果表明：18g,L阿维菌素乳油（8．1～10．8）g／hm^2能够很好的控制棉花红蜘蛛,且防治效果高于对照,对作物安全。     

截形叶螨取食对马铃薯酶活性的影响

为明确截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus)取食刺激对不同耐旱型马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)品种酶活性的影响,选择2个马铃薯品种（‘荷兰15号’,早熟,干旱敏感型品种;‘陇薯10号’,晚熟,耐旱型品种）,在人工接螨后,测定7天内马铃薯叶片5种防御酶(CAT、POD、PPO、PAL、LOX)活性的变化。CAT、POD、PPO、PAL、LOX等5种酶活性在受螨害刺激后均表现出不同程度的升高,在时序上都表现为先升高后下降的趋势,且在3天后显著高于CK（未接螨的健康植株）,5种酶均参与了植物机体对害螨的防御反应,以促进受害植株体内自由氧的消减,通过木质素、花青素、生物碱等苯丙素类化合物、氢过氧化物等含量的提高来增强机体防御能力;在螨害7天后,5种酶活性都显著下降,且显著低于CK,说明叶螨在长时间危害后可能导致植株机体紊乱,植株不能很好地持续维持高效的对螨害的防御响应。2个马铃薯品种在叶螨为害后同一时间内,从CAT、PPO和PAL活性变化角度分析,干旱敏感型马铃薯品种表现出较高的抗螨性;被叶螨取食为害后耐旱型马铃薯品种POD活性较高,但干旱敏感型马铃薯品种POD活性增长幅度更大;2个品种在LOX活性上无显著差异。总体分析可得,干旱敏感型马铃薯比耐旱型品种有更高的抗螨性。研究结果可为马铃薯叶螨的科学防治和品种选育提供理论依据。     

假蒟提取物对皮氏叶螨的生物活性测定

通过索氏抽提和乙醇浸提法提取假蒟(Rper.saormentosum Roxb.)杀虫活性成分,即获得乙醇浸提物、乙醇索氏提取物和石油醚索氏提取物,研究其对皮氏叶螨(Tetranychus pieroei McGregor)各龄虫的触杀及对成螨驱避、产卵抑制等方面的生物活性.结果表明:乙醇浸提物和石油醚索氏提取物对皮氏叶螨卵的毒杀效果均较好,用20mg/g的浓度处理后,杀卵效果均在95%以上:对若螨的生物活性以乙醇索氏提取物最好,当浓度为15mg/g时,校正死亡率达95.19%,明显强于石油醚索氏提取物;乙醇浸提物、乙醇索氏提取物和石油醚索氏提取物对成螨的LC50分别为3.2141,6.093 1,3.518 8 mg/g,LC95分别为8.5750,18.700 7,9.311 4 mg/g;用质量分数0.4%乙醇浸提物和石油醚索氏提取液处理的皮氏叶螨成螨寿命明显短于乙醇索氏提取物和对照,产卵抑制指数以石油醚索氏提取物最高,为0.1465,乙醇索氏提取物最低,为0.0825;3种提取物对皮氏叶螨均有良好的驱避作用.