杀虫剂螨危的亚致死剂量对朱砂叶螨种群参数的影响

朱砂叶螨是桑树的主要害虫之一。从避免过度使用农药造成环境污染和控制害螨的抗性发展的角度,研究了杀虫剂螨危的亚致死剂量对朱砂叶螨敏感种群生存与繁殖能力的影响。分别用质量浓度为1.25、2.5、5、10、40 mg/L的螨危药液处理雌成螨,48 h后的存活率分别为96%、83%、81%、75%、48%;药液对雌成螨和卵的致死中浓度(LC50)分别是35.005 mg/L和0.690 mg/L,卵的敏感性明显高于雌成螨。与对照组相比,随螨危药液处理浓度增高,雌成螨的7 d总产卵量和孵化率呈下降趋势;用10、5、2.5、1.25 mg/L药液处理后朱砂叶螨种群的瞬时增长率(ri)分别是-0.083、0.142、0.214、0.298,而对照组为0.544,有效中浓度(EC50)值为1.627 mg/L。研究结果表明,用低于推荐使用浓度(40 mg/L)的螨危药液就能有效控制朱砂叶螨种群的增长。     

用自助法统计推断炔螨特对桑树朱砂叶螨的防治效果

采用自助法(Bootstrap method)对炔螨特(propargite)防治桑树朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)的效果进行了统计推断。将4个试验点获得的田间防治效果数据进行平方根反正弦转换后,采用1000次自助法再抽样并作统计分析。结果表明,73%炔螨特乳油243．33mg/L有效质量浓度处理的第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为78．37%、86．03%和86．36%,置信区间估计依次为78．21%～78．52%、85．83%～86．24%和86．16%～86．55%;365．00mg/L处理的第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为88．14%、91．90%和91．23%,置信区间估计依次为88．01%～88．27%、91．78%～92．02%和91．09%～91．38%;486．67mg/L处理第1、3、7天,田间防治效果的点估计分别为92．82%、95．70%和95．11%,相应的置信区间估计依次为92．72%～92．93%、95．64%～95．76%和95．01%～95．20%。以上述的点估计为测试点,对各浓度处理后的不同天数的防治效果进行游程检测(Monte carlo Sig方法),随机性显著(p＞0．05)。通过Tamhane方法、Dunnett T3方法和Games-Howell方法对上述各处理的不同天数后的防治效果进行统计检测表明：炔螨特对桑园中朱砂叶螨的防治效果在防治后第3天达到高峰(p＞0．05),至第7天,243．33mg/L处理区的防治效果持平(p＜0．0000);而365．00和486．67mg/L处理区的防治效果呈下降趋势(p＞0．05)。以上统计推断结果显示：73%炔螨特乳油对桑树朱砂叶螨具有较好的田间防治效果,推荐使用的有效质量浓度为243．33mg/L。     

桑园害虫朱砂叶螨的研究进展

朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinusBoisduval)是多食性主要农业害螨之一,与二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticaeKoch)是近似种,寄主包括桑树在内的100多种植物。该螨可行孤雌生殖,由于被一类细胞质遗传的细菌Wolbachia寄生,种群雌雄比例严重偏斜。该螨个体小、发育快,对化学杀螨(虫)剂极易产生抗药性,故防治困难,而且桑园化学防治又危及家蚕的安全。对朱砂叶螨的分类、形态、行为、生态和防治学等方面的研究进展进行了综述,旨在对桑园朱砂叶螨的防治研究有所启迪。     

瑞香狼毒超临界CO2萃取物的杀螨毒力及机理初探

为了测定瑞香狼毒超临界CO2萃取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀毒力,并了解其作用机理,笔者采用玻片浸渍法测定瑞香狼毒超临界CO2萃取物（SCE）对朱砂叶螨的触杀毒力,观察其对朱砂叶螨的致毒症状;结果表明：SCE对朱砂叶螨24 h的触杀LC50值为2.411 mg/mL;中毒试螨表现出类似神经毒剂的致毒症状,如兴奋、痉挛等。随后测定了SCE对朱砂叶螨神经系统靶标酶（乙酰胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶）活性的影响。结果表明,SCE能够显著抑制试螨乙酰胆碱酯酶、单胺氧化酶、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的活性;据此推测,SCE对朱砂叶螨可能具有神经毒性。     

茄子对红蜘蛛的抗螨性鉴定及方法研究

通过在开花结果初期进行人工接虫,采用叶片危害指数法和田间种群密度法对20份材料进行了对红蜘蛛的抗螨性鉴定,结果表明,供试材料的叶片为害指数和田间种群密度均存在极显著差异.两种方法的鉴定结果总体趋势一致,茄子材料E3099的叶片为害指数和红蜘蛛种群密度最小,表现出对红蜘蛛抗性最强;材料E3022、E3023的叶片危害指数和红蜘蛛种群密度最大,表现出对红蜘蛛的抗性最差.叶片危害指数法可作为评价茄子对红蜘蛛抗性的方法.     

二斑叶螨抗性种群对6种杀螨剂的敏感性测定

以昌乐县（R1）和寿光市（R2）蔬菜大棚内的二斑叶螨为试虫,采用玻片浸渍法测定了其对6种杀螨剂的敏感性。结果表明：对两个种群毒力最高的均为唑螨酯,其LC50分别为2.384 mg/L（R1）和1.939 mg/L（R2）;其次为阿维菌素,LC50分别为2.426 mg/L（R1）和9.921 mg/L（R2）。R1种群中甲维盐、除尽、噻螨酮的LC50在34.383～1237.592 mg/L之间,相对毒力分别为哒螨灵的82.499、9.808、2.292倍。R2种群中噻螨酮的毒力最低,LC50为1 225.602 mg/L;除尽、哒螨灵、甲维盐的LC50分别为791.649、308.580 mg/L和13.892mg/L,相对毒力倍数在1.548～88.223倍之间。     

智利小植绥螨对朱砂叶螨的捕食效能

在实验室条件下研究了智利小植绥螨雌成螨对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨和成螨的捕食效能。结果表明：朱砂叶螨各螨态不同密度分布情况对智利小植绥螨的捕食效能有一定的影响,在一定范围内,当害螨各螨态分布密度增加,智利小植绥螨的捕食量随之增加,但当增加到一定程度后,智利小植绥螨的捕食量又随密度的增加而减少。试验以朱砂叶螨卵密度为80粒／叶碟、若螨密度30头／叶碟、成螨密度10头／叶碟时,智利小植绥螨的捕食量最多。     

Efficacy of five selected acaricides against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their side effects on relevant natural enemies occurring in citrus orchards

BACKGROUND: Three groups of natural enemies are fundamental in citrus IPM in Spain: coccinellid and phytoseiid predators and hymenopteran parasitoids. Tetranychus urticae Koch is an important pest affecting citrus, for which biological control has not yet been achieved; therefore, acaricides are commonly used to control it. The goal of this study was to measure the efficacy of different acaricides on this mite and their side effects on three natural enemies relevant for citrus (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Neoseiulus californicus McGregor and Aphidius colemani Viereck).RESULTS: Some products proved highly effective against T. urticae and harmless to A. colemani (mineral oil, tebufenpyrad, clofentezine and fenazaquin). However, almost all products tested were slightly harmful for both the predators considered. Fenazaquin was even moderately harmful for N. californicus. CONCLUSION: Further studies, like that presented here, are necessary to gain a better understanding of integrating biological and chemical controls. When considering both efficacy and side effects on beneficial arthropods, the best options would seem to be mineral oil, tebufenpyrad and clofentezine. However, it is urgent to complete testing of the side effects of the acaricides used in citrus. This question is crucial if the fact that two recently introduced Tetranychidae are being controlled in citrus by chemical means exclusively is considered.     

Induction of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and its influence on acaricide toxicity

Detoxification by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases is an important mechanism involved in pesticide resistance in insects and mites. The activity of these enzymes can be induced by a variety of chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six P450 inducers (phenobarbital, barbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, geraniol, isosafrole, pentamethylbenzene), known to have an inducing activity in insects and mammals, on the O-deethylation activity in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Treatment with barbital, phenobarbital and geraniol resulted in a dose-dependent increase in activity. Neither 3-methylcholanthrene, isosafrole nor pentamethylbenzene were effective inducers. Time course studies showed that induction by geraniol and barbital started rapidly within a period of 1-4 h after initiation of the treatment, while maximal activity was reached within 4 and 48 h, respectively. In addition, it was shown that induction with xenobiotic compounds can alter the monooxygenase-mediated acaricide tolerance in a susceptible strain of T. urticae. Although barbital induced higher levels of P450 activity, geraniol proved to be a better compound to decrease toxicity of the tested acaricides.     

山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用研究

采用两侧吸引作用试验测定天敌胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans在田间对山楂叶螨的搜索和控制能力。结果表明:山楂叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,排泄物对胡瓜钝绥螨没有明显的吸引作用。山楂叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨在田间具有自动搜索山楂叶螨的能力,可用于山楂叶螨的生物防治。