不同蔬菜品种生产效益和碳效益评价

实验通过对浏阳市4个农场2种生产模式8种蔬菜3年的经济(生产成本、投入产出比等)和环境(碳排放量、碳足迹)指标值进行分析,结果表明:(1)有机生产模式的投入产出比和碳足迹分别为无公害生产的18.5%和87.4%;(2)肥料和电耗是最主要的碳排放来源,分别占碳排放总量的58.76%和16.67%;(3)碳排放量和碳足迹都与N肥之间成正相关关系,即施用的N肥越多,碳排放量就越多,碳足迹也越大;(4)有机模式下,有机肥用量达到122 352 kg·hm~(-2)时,作物产量最大;而无公害模式下,农用化学品投入20 103元·hm~(-2)时,叶菜产量最大。因此,要保障蔬菜增产丰收,同时尽可能地减少碳排放量,其主要出路在于推广有机模式,增施有机肥,减少无机N肥和其他农用化学品的使用,建立节水灌溉体系以节约用电量。     

煤炭开采对矿区土地利用景观格局变化的影响

为揭示煤炭资源开采对矿区土地利用景观格局变化的影响,以徐州沛北矿区为例,应用GIS、景观生态学和数理统计方法,分析了该区土地利用结构和景观格局变化,并从生命周期的角度探讨了煤炭开采对景观格局演变过程的影响。结果表明:1994—2014年间沛北矿区土地利用结构和景观格局变化显著,耕地、林地和未利用地减少,工矿建设用地和塌陷水体持续增加;景观呈破碎化和均匀化趋势,景观分形特征趋于简单化和规则化。进一步对景观指数突变检验分析可知,耕地最大斑块指数和集聚度指数分别在1999年和2001年出现突变点;塌陷水体的最大斑块指数自1995年起持续上升,而集聚度指数呈显著上升—变化不显著—显著上升的趋势。煤炭持续大规模开采导致地面塌陷、积水,耕地损毁以及快速城镇化是景观格局变化的主要原因,但随着矿区土地复垦,耕地、水体面积增大,景观破碎化程度减小,对塌陷地的治理取得了一定成效。研究结果对矿区土地复垦和受损生态景观修复具有重要的指导作用。     

猪血蛋白在农畜业生产上的开发利用

文章综合评述了猪血蛋白作为饲料和肥料的研究与应用现状及发展趋势。进一步研究的重点将是解决猪血降解的关键技术问题,探索猪血降解物的肥料效应和对作物诱导抗性获得所起的作用。     

Amino acids in grassland soils: Climatic effects on concentrations and chirality

The response of soil organic nitrogen (SON) dynamics to climate may partly be deduced from changes in the concentration and origin of the major N constituents in soil, such as amino acids. In this study, we determined the enantiomers of bound amino acids in 18 native grassland soils (0–10 cm) that were sampled along a transect from central Saskatchewan, Canada, to Southern Texas, USA. Mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 0.9 to 23.4 °C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 300 to 1308 mm. d-alanine and d-glutamic acid served as markers for the bacterial origin of SON. The d-content of lysine, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid indicated an ageing of the respective SON forms. Deuterium labeling was applied to account for hydrolysis-induced racemization reactions. We found that the concentration of the bacterial biomarkers was weakly but significantly parabolically related to MAT, as previously reported for microbial-derived amino sugars. The age markers d-lysine, d-phenylalanine, and d-aspartic acid comprised 2–15% of the respective l-form. The presence of these compounds demonstrated that the structures that contained these d-enantiomers had survived microbial attack, i.e., these hydrolyzable SON forms were conserved in soil despite a living environment. First estimates indicate that the mean residence time of the lysine-containing organic matter forms extend beyond a century. Within this time-scale we did not find that climate significantly affects the degree of ageing of SON constituents in the studied topsoils.     

Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements

Although freeze-thaw cycles can alter soil physical properties and microbial activity, their overall impact on soil functioning remains unclear. This review addresses the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil physical properties, microorganisms, carbon and nutrient dynamics, trace gas losses and higher organisms associated with soil. I discuss how the controlled manipulation of freeze-thaw cycles has varied widely among studies and propose that, despite their value in demonstrating the mechanisms of freeze-thaw action in soils, many studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles have used cycle amplitudes, freezing rates and minimum temperatures that are not relevant to temperature changes across much of the soil profile in situ. The lack of coordination between the timing of soil collection and the season for which freeze-thaw cycles are being simulated is also discussed. Suggested improvements to future studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles include the maintenance of realistic temperature fluctuations across the soil profile, soil collection in the appropriate season and the inclusion of relevant surface factors such as plant litter in the fall or excess water in the spring. The implications of climate change for soil freeze-thaw cycles are addressed, along with the need to directly assess how changes in soil freeze-thaw cycle dynamics alter primary production.     

Relationship between molecular characteristics of soil humic fractions and glycolytic pathway and krebs cycle in maize seedlings

A humic acid (HA) isolated from a volcanic soil was separated in three fractions of decreasing molecular size (I, II and III) by preparative high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The molecular content of the bulk soil HA and its size fractions was characterized by pyrolysis-GC-MS (thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide) and NMR spectroscopy. All soil humic materials were used to evaluate their effects on the enzymatic activities involved in glycolytic and respiratory processes of Zea mays (L.) seedlings. The elementary analyses and NMR spectra of the humic fractions indicated that the content of polar carbons (mainly carbohydrates) increased with decreasing molecular size of separated fractions. The products evolved by on-line thermochemolysis showed that the smallest size fraction (Fraction III) with the least rigid molecular conformation among the humic samples had the lowest content of lignin moieties and the largest amount of other non-lignin aromatic compounds. The bulk HA and the three humic fractions affected the enzyme activities related to glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in different ways depending on molecular size, molecular characteristics and concentrations. The overall effectiveness of the four fractions in promoting the metabolic pathways was in the order: III>HA>II>I. The largest effect of Fraction III, either alone or incorporated into the bulk HA, was attributed to a flexible conformational structure that promoted a more efficient diffusion of bioactive humic components to maize cells. A better knowledge of the relationship between molecular structure of soil humic matter and plant activity may be of practical interest in increasing carbon fixation in plants and redirect atmospheric CO₂ into bio-fuel resources.     

基于氮平衡的种养结合沼液资源化利用研究

研究沼液经济性消纳对提高沼液资源利用率、维持沼气工程稳定运行、缓解养殖带来的环境压力、提升农业废弃物资源化利用效率和经济效益,推动种养循环一体化发展具有重要意义。为此,结合农业废弃物资源化利用方式,基于盈亏平衡分析和秸秆资源化利用模型,以沼液经济性消纳半径为核心,探究了沼气工程投资金额和处理规模之间的关系,提出了沼液经济性消纳模型。研究结果表明:沼气工程投资金额与处理规模之间关系性较强(R 2=0.9842);沼液经济性消纳半径R bsa选取的主要影响因素是运输费用和沼液中N含量,不同消纳区域农业生产系数的差异性也会对经济性消纳半径的评估产生影响。利用模型对江西新余南英垦殖场规模化沼气发电工程(SBPGP)沼液经济性消纳半径进行估算,在保证氮平衡基础下,其沼液最小消纳范围在31.94 km 2左右。沼液经济性消纳模型的构建,为以沼气工程为纽带的种养一体化循环模式提供了技术参考,从经济性视角为循环农业发展提供了理论依据,从而实现经济效益与环境效益协调发展的目标。     

饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响

研究了饥饿对鲫鱼血液生理生化指标和流变学性质的影响.于21±1℃条件下,在室内水族箱内对鲫鱼进行了为期28d的饥饿实验,分别在饥饿开始后的0、7、14、21、28d取样并测定了其血液生理生化指标和全血粘度.结果表明血液中红细胞数和红细胞压积分别在饥饿后7d和14d内显著下降,而白细胞数和红细胞沉降率分别在饥饿后7d和21d内显著上升;鲫鱼血清中的血糖对饥饿特别敏感,在饥饿后7d内明显下降(P＜0.05),此后几周变化不明显(P＞0.05);总蛋白和白蛋白在饥饿后7d内均有所增加,然后下降;谷丙转氨酶活性在饥饿后14d内明显下降,甘油三脂和总胆固醇在饥饿后21d内明显下降;饥饿对鲫鱼血清钙离子浓度和碱性磷酸酶活性没有显著性影响.全血粘度值在饥饿后14d内下降,随后全血粘度值逐渐增加,到饥饿后28d时仍低于正常值.结果提示,饥饿对鲫鱼大部分血液生理生化指标和血液流变学性质有显著性影响.     

鸭血中SOD的提取及稳定性研究

为充分利用鸭血资源,以新鲜鸭血为原料,利用响应面分析法对鸭血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的提取工艺进行优化,并初步研究了SOD在不同条件下的稳定性。结果表明,乙醇与氯仿的体积比4∶5,溶血球与沉淀剂的体积比1∶1,静置时间25.5 min,SOD比活为1 000.91 U/mg;在pH值4.0～6.0,50℃温度以下SOD具有良好的稳定性。     

外源性环核苷酸调控哈白兔血脂、血糖及血蛋白的动态变化研究

为了研究外源性环核苷酸对动物体内血脂、血糖及血蛋白的动态变化规律的调控作用,本研究以哈白兔为试验动物,通过注射外源注射环鸟苷酸、环腺苷酸及其等量混合物的腹腔注射液,研究了不同处理组4天内不同时间点动物血脂、血糖及血蛋白的动态变化规律。结果发现： cGMP单独处理后,血脂含量大幅度增加,平均增加了17.63％,而经过cAMP处理后的血脂含量有较小幅度的减小;cAMP单独处理后,血糖含量平均增加了1.79％,而cGMP单独处理后血糖含量明显增加,增加率超过了10％;经过cGMP,cAMP和混合处理后血蛋白平均增加率大约为5％左右。此外,cGMP对促进脂肪的合成代谢有明显作用,通过注射cGMP在10h内对血脂没有影响,10～21h对血脂的合成有显著促进作用,21h后血脂才保持一定的增加幅度;而cAMP对降解有较小作用,通过注射cAMP在45h以内对血脂有降解作用,而45～65h又转为合成作用,65h以后作用消失;注射CNT 6～21h时,糖异生作用促进了动物体内血糖含量的增加;注射CNT对血蛋白的作用不明显。这些主要代谢物质的动态变化规律为应用CNT调控动物体内营养物质代谢水平提供了有利的理论依据。