Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.     

虹鳟（♀）×山女鳟（♂）杂交种胚胎及仔鱼发育的研究

利用人工繁育技术对虹鳟(♀)(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和山女鳟(♂)(Oncorhynchus masou masou)进行了种间杂交实验,并对杂交胚胎和仔鱼的发育进行了观察,通过观察,详细描述了其胚胎发育和仔鱼发育各个阶段的发育时序和形态特征。结果表明:在水温为4.3-9.2℃的条件下,杂交受精卵的有效发育积温达到206.01℃·d发眼,完成胚胎发育所需的有效积温为387.44℃·d,杂交鳟的胚胎发育速度介于双亲之间;初孵仔鱼,全身透明,血液循环和心跳清晰可见,肛突明显,背鳍原基出现;破膜后20d,全长为21.25±1.40mm,此时约半数卵黄囊体积明显减小,可以看见背鳍、臀鳍与尾鳍的出现;破膜后40d,个别发育较快的个体开始在水中游动,主动摄食;破膜后45d,卵黄囊基本吸收完全,仔鱼具有游泳能力,50d后几乎全部上浮。     

黔中稻区二化螟的越冬幼虫虫口密度及其自然寄生率

为准确预测预报黔中稻区二化螟越冬后的发生提供理论依据,采用GB/T15792—2009稻桩剥查法对贵阳市花溪区、安顺市平坝县、黔南州惠水县和黔东南州麻江县等稻区二化螟越冬幼虫虫口密度及自然寄生情况进行调查。结果表明:麻江县的越冬幼虫虫口密度最高,达15 741头/667m2;其次为平坝县和惠水县,越冬幼虫虫口密度分别为10 684头/667m2和10 153头/667m2;贵阳市花溪区的越冬幼虫虫口密度最低,仅944头/667m2。大多数地区的雌雄蛹重量有显著差异。调查共采集到5种寄生蜂,包括稻螟小腹茧蜂、螟甲腹茧蜂、大螟钝唇姬蜂、菲岛抱缘姬蜂和黄眶离缘姬蜂;各稻区的寄生率均较低,平坝县二化螟幼虫被寄生率最高,达15.6%,其次为麻江县14.6%、花溪区6.7%和惠水县5.7%。     

球孢白僵菌MZ041016菌株对平菇厉眼蕈蚊的毒力

利用球孢白僵菌MZ041016菌株5种孢子悬浮液浓度(3.6×104～3.6×108个/mL)对平菇厉眼蕈蚊成虫和幼虫进行室内毒力测定。在3.6×108个/mL浓度下成虫死亡率最高达86.72%,幼虫死亡率最高达87.69%,成虫的LC50为2.319×105个/mL,幼虫的LC50为3.082×105个/mL。在3.6×104～3.6×108个/mL浓度处理下成虫的LT50依次为8.57、6.14、5.18d和4.28d,幼虫的LT50分别为8.09、6.03、4.96d和4.53d。球孢白僵菌MZ050724菌株在室内对平菇厉眼蕈蚊的成虫和幼虫有较强的毒力。     

Cranial osteological development and abnormalities in northern palm ruff,Seriolella violacea (Guichenot, 1848), larvae and juveniles

Seriolella violacea, a new species to be potentially farmed in Chile and Peru, has shown cranial malformations during farming that could adversely affect its commercial development. This study seeks to generate early knowledge of the osteological development and type of cranial abnormalities that this species presents under culture conditions. Larvae from wild caught broodstock were reared from 1 to 60 days post hatching (DPH) (4.8 ± 0.1 mm TL and 11.8 ± 1.0 mm TL respectively). Larvae samples were collected throughout the experimental trial for recording cranial osteological development and abnormalities in cartilage and bone. At 5.7 ± 0.1 mm TL, coraco‐scapular, sclerotic, ethmoid plate and quadrate cartilages were present. At 8.0 ± 0.6 mm TL, early ossification was observed in the jaw, premaxilla and maxilla. At 11.8 ± 1.0 mm TL, the branchiostegal rays, jaw, maxilla and opercular complex were ossified. The first cartilaginous structures observed were the Meckel's cartilage, the branchial arches and the suspensory ligament. The first cranial malformations were detected at 5.7 ± 0.1 mm TL, coinciding with mouth opening. The most frequent malformations were a curvature of the lower jaw (23.1%), abnormal separation between branchial arches and the Meckel's cartilage (19.4%) and bulging jaws (15.7%).     

斜纹夜蛾幼虫存活过程的神经网络模型的建立

利用BP神经网络对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的存活过程进行建模分析,给出了BP神经网络建模的Matlab算法程序。结果表明,BP神经网络能充分逼近斜纹夜蛾幼虫的存活过程曲线,使用BP神经网络可对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的存活过程进行有效的建模。利用所建立的模型,得到了关于斜纹夜蛾幼虫存活过程的模拟预测结果。不同温度下斜纹夜蛾幼虫种群的死亡过程有所不同。在20,24,36和40℃温度下,斜纹夜蛾幼虫种群的死亡高峰分别出现在卵孵化后20d左右,5～20d,5～10d及3～6d。最后,对神经网络建模的特点,以及影响BP神经网络建模效果的主要因素进行了分析讨论。     

离体黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor L.)成虫咽侧体的活性研究

采用放射化学的方法，测定黄粉虫咽侧体（Corpora allata,CA)体外保幼激素（Juvenile hormone,JH)合成的时间进程。左右侧CA合成JH的对称性以及成虫发育期CA的活性变化。发现CA在离体条件下，培养3h即可，再增加培养时间，JH的合成基本维持不变，一对CA的左侧和右侧的JH合成不是很一致，它们的合成是随机的，成虫发育期，雌雄成虫CA活性在第15天时达到最大，雄成虫CA活性较雌成虫高。     

黄粉虫水溶性低聚糖的提取及其对大肠杆菌抑菌作用研究

为开发昆虫几丁质资源,扩大其应用范围,本试验采用酸碱法从烘干的黄粉虫幼虫体内提取几丁质粗品,再经碱处理得到壳聚糖,壳聚糖经过适宜的温度和过氧化氢浓度处理后得到水溶性的低聚糖。黄粉虫水溶性低聚糖的浓度为0.06～0.3 mg.mL~(-1)对大肠杆菌均有很强的抑制效果。浓度为0.12、0.18、0.24、0.3 mg.mL~(-1)抑制作用均达到极显著水平,浓度为0.06 mg.mL~(-1)达到显著水平。利用黄粉虫提取的水溶性低聚糖,具有较好的溶解性能,在一定浓度下对大肠杆菌有较强的抑菌作用。