Top Dressing of Feed with Desiccated Chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans for Biological Control of the Pre-Parasitic Stages of Ovine Haemonchus contortus

Feeding trials were conducted with stall-fed sheep parasitized with Haemonchus contortus. For 10 days they were offered 250 g of a concentrate feed that had been top-dressed with desiccated chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans at 1×10⁵, 5×10⁵, 1×10⁶ or 2×10⁶ chlamydospores/kg body weight. Pooled faeces from each group on day 7 of spore feeding were spread on different pasture plots. On day 28 after the start of spore feeding, further pooled faeces from each group were spread on the same plots. The larval burdens on the plots were monitored for 2 months and the larval harvest from in vitro faecal cultures were monitored regularly. The application of 1×10⁶ or more spores/kg body weight virtually eliminated larvae from both the pasture and the faecal cultures. The application of as few as 1×10⁵ spores/kg body weight had a profound impact on larval recovery. The effect persisted while the spores were being fed but not for more than 4 days following discontinuation of spore feeding. Top dressing supplementary feed with dried chlamydospores offers a potential way of using D. flagrans for biological control of the pre-parasitic stages of H. contortus.     

日本鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究概述

日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)是中国和日本最广泛养殖的鱼类之一。其养殖基于对天然玻璃鳗的捕捞,从而导致天然玻璃鳗资源逐渐出现严重的匮乏。为解决此问题,众多研究者致力于玻璃鳗的人工繁殖。主要阐述了30年来日本鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究的相关成果:在亲鳗催熟前需进行强化培育,雌、雄鳗达到性成熟需要不同的催熟药物和催熟时间,17,20-β-二羟孕酮(DHP)的催产效果较好;温度、盐度、水体离子含量等环境因子对胚胎和仔鱼发育影响较大;自由氨基酸、卵黄脂蛋白和硝化甘油是受精卵及卵黄囊期仔鱼的主要能源物质,磷脂是辅助能源物质;用鲨鱼卵冷冻干燥粉末添加复合维生素、磷虾提取液等制成的浆状饵料是仔鱼较适宜的开口饵料;胚胎发育进程为初孵仔鱼体长3.5mm,仅分化出咽,从第7天开始,仔鱼具有消化和吸收食物的能力并出现大幅生长,到100d时,仔鱼已具有较强的免疫能力。     

柞蚕微孢子虫侵染后柞蚕5龄雌雄个体血淋巴蛋白质含量和组成的变化及差异分析

以柞蚕5龄幼虫为材料添食柞蚕微孢子虫(Nosema pernyi,Np),通过测定与分析不同性别5龄幼虫血淋巴蛋白质含量和组成变化的差异,为探究柞蚕对柞蚕微孢子虫感染的免疫应答提供依据。感染柞蚕微孢子虫的不同性别柞蚕5龄幼虫的血淋巴蛋白质含量随蚕体发育进程出现不同的变化:雌性个体与雄性个体分别在添食Np后24 h与48 h,血淋巴蛋白质含量极显著增加(P<0.01),且持续至添食后96 h,其中雌性个体的血淋巴蛋白质含量又极显著高于雄性个体(P<0.01);在添食Np后120 h,雌、雄个体的血淋巴蛋白质含量与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。SDS-PAGE分析表明,添食Np后的柞蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴蛋白质组成与对照组基本一致,均显示出20条分子质量在20.1～97.2 kD的蛋白条带,其中雌、雄个体在添食后96 h,大小约44 kD的蛋白条带明显加深,大小约28 kD的蛋白条带雌性个体在添食后144 h、雄性个体在添食后120 h明显加深,且雄性个体在添食后120～168 h大小约42 kD的蛋白条带明显加深,但在添食后192 h与对照组无明显差异。研究结果说明Np侵染后,柞蚕5龄幼虫血淋巴蛋白质的含量及组成均产生了一定的变化,并且雌雄个体间的变化存在差异。     

不同家蝇幼虫制品对黄羽肉仔鸡营养物质可利用率、肠道菌群和血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨不同家蝇幼虫制品对黄羽肉仔鸡营养物质可利用率、肠道菌群和血清生化指标的影响。选取 １日龄的黄羽肉仔鸡 ２５２只,随机分成 ７组,每组 ３个重复,每个重复 １２只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,其余 ６组饲喂分别用 ０．２％、０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽,０．２％、０．５％的家蝇幼虫酶解物,０．２％、０．５％的脱脂家蝇幼虫粉等量替代基础饲粮中鱼粉的试验饲粮。结果表明：１）添加家蝇幼虫肽有提高干物质、粗蛋白质和能量的可利用率的趋势（Ｐ＞０．０５）,且随着添加剂量的增加而提高;添加 ０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽可显著提高粗脂肪、钙、磷和粗灰分的可利用率（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）添加家蝇幼虫肽可显著提高试验第２周和第４周肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,显著降低大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３）添加家蝇幼虫肽可显著降低试验第 ２周血清谷丙转氨酶活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）和显著提高血清总蛋白含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且以０．５％的家蝇幼虫肽组效果最优。在饲粮中添加不同家蝇幼虫制品均能显著降低黄羽肉仔鸡血清尿素氮含量（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此得出,家蝇幼虫肽具有改善黄羽肉仔鸡肠道菌群、提高营养物质可利用率的作用,且以 ０．５％的添加量效果较好。     

三眼叶养小蚕试验

利用三眼叶养小蚕,既能节约用工,又能使春季桑叶增产,还能早养春蚕避免春蚕后期高温逼熟,又可缓和农忙矛盾。利用芷芯芽和标准嫩叶片养小蚕,经过F检验蚕体重和小蚕遗失率无显著差异,说明在北方蚕区是可行的。     

苜蓿籽蜂越冬虫态对温度的敏感性

本研究将当年收获的苜蓿（Medicago sativa）种子储存于4个温度条件下,采用定期剖种的方法,调查苜蓿籽蜂（Bruchophagus roddi）的越冬虫态及其存活情况。结果表明,苜蓿籽蜂主要以3龄幼虫在苜蓿种子内滞育越冬。10月从田间将苜蓿种子收回,储存温度在18.0 ℃、平均湿度为27.2%（10―12月）时,越冬幼虫于当年12月下旬开始化蛹;储存温度在9.9 ℃,平均湿度为40.1%（10月―次年2月）时,越冬幼虫于次年2月下旬开始化蛹。不同温度和不同时间梯度处理苜蓿种子结果表明,在50 ℃、-30 ℃条件下处理1 d,籽蜂幼虫的死亡率均达100%,苜蓿种子的发芽率分别为93.33%和88.33%。     

Carbendazim,at concentrations used on pasture for facial eczema control,reduces development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis when sprayed onto infected sheep faeces

Abstract

AIM: To determine whether the fungicide, carbendazim, as applied to pastures for controlling facial eczema (FE), would inhibit development of the free-living stages of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

METHODS: Two studies were conducted, using sheep faeces containing eggs of T. colubriformis. In the first, the faeces were either exposed or not to an application of carbendazim sprayed at the recommended rate for FE control. After spraying, dishes containing the faeces were incubated at 20°C for 14 days, and the resulting third-stage infective larvae (L3) extracted by baermannisation and counted. In addition, naturally infested pasture was also sprayed, and the number of L3 present 7 days later was assessed by cutting herbage samples and extracting larvae by soaking in water and baermannisation. In the second, the faeces were incubated at 20°C for 0, 3 or 7 days before being exposed to no, one or two applications of carbendazim. After further incubation for 14, 11 or 7 days, L3 were similarly extracted by baermannisation and counted.

RESULTS: In the first study, there was a 74% reduction in the number of T. colubriformis larvae recovered from faeces exposed to carbendazim compared with faeces not exposed, but there was no reduction in the number of L3 recovered from herbage. In the second study, faeces incubated for 0 or 3 days prior to exposure to a single application of carbendazim yielded 98% or 89% fewer larvae, respectively, than faeces not exposed. Faeces incubated for 7 days prior to exposure yielded similar numbers of larvae to faeces not exposed.

CONCLUSION: Treatment of pastures with carbendazim for FE control is likely to result in reduced development of the larvae of T. colubriformis, and by inference those of other species, where the application coincides with the presence of freshly deposited faeces containing eggs and developing larvae. However, no effect of treatment on L3 was indicated. The significance of this for on-farm nematode parasite control remains to be determined, as does any potential for strategic applications of carbendazim to pasture aimed at reducing numbers of parasite larvae on pasture. The latter should not be contemplated without due consideration of the implications for the development of anthelmintic resistance.     

Nursery areas of Micromesistius poutassou and Sardina pilchardus unveil their reproductive strategies in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Winter conditions in the NW Mediterranean cause instability of the water column and non-geostrophic dynamics, such as vertical mixing and convection are significant. These events involve nutrient supply to the photic zone that can sustain high productivity. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of winter hydrodynamics on the spawning strategies of Sardina pilchardus and Micromesistius poutassou. Data were obtained on two oceanographic cruises (February 2017 and 2018) off the Catalan coast. The occurrence of S. pilchardus eggs very close to the coast indicated a clear preference of the species for spawning in coastal areas. Preflexion and postflexion larvae exhibited a slightly wider distribution showing a clear association with the cold, less saline and more productive coastal waters. Preflexion larvae of M. poutassou were found on the upper slope and over the shelf, being offshore limited by the shelf/slope front present all along the slope. The front would act as a barrier preventing their dispersion towards the open sea. M. poutassou larvae in advanced developmental stages were located close to the coast in the productive shelf waters, with instabilities of the front contributing to larval transport from offshore waters to the coast. The vertical distribution of both species showed high variability, not only related with the daily cycle or developmental stage, but also with the vertical structure of the water column. Overall, the results provide some clues on how the spawning strategies of both species may evolve under future scenarios of higher winter-stratification, because of the global warming.     

Vitamin A functions and requirements in fish

Vitamin A (VA) is an essential dietary nutrient for fish and plays an important role in a range of physiological processes including vision, reproduction, embryogenesis, growth and differentiation and maintenance of epithelial cells. Knowledge of effects of VA on aquatic organisms is limited, but new information continues to be published. The aim of the present review is to present an overview of the dietary requirements and functions of VA in fish of commercial importance in aquaculture production. The effects of VA on reproduction and early embryonic development are described, and the estimated dietary requirements for VA of several species of fish are discussed. New research findings on how VA requirements vary with the life stages of fish are explored that will expand understanding of the complex role of VA. Sources of VA in feeds are described, and the potential need to consider how changes in fish feed formulations towards higher use levels of sustainable ingredients may affect dietary VA supplementation recommendations is discussed.     

近30年渤海鱼类种群早期补充群体群聚特性和结构更替

基于30余年渤海鱼卵、仔稚鱼历史调查资料的整理分析并结合产卵场补充调查,以1982~1983年周年逐月调查资料为本底,采用多元统计学方法分析30余年渤海鱼类种群早期补充群体群聚特性(物种多样性和关键种群)的季节变化和年代际变化,并掌握结构更替过程中优势种和重要种协同消长规律。分析结果显示,渤海各调查季节(冬季除外)鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类数以及资源丰度指数呈先降后升变动趋势。当前鱼卵种类数仅为20世纪80年代1/2左右,资源丰度不足20世纪80年代的1/10;仔稚鱼种类数和资源丰度仅为20世纪80年代的3/4左右,但冬季仔稚鱼种类数和资源丰度指数呈现上升趋势。各调查时期相同季节鱼卵优势种变化不明显,但仔稚鱼优势种变化幅度超过鱼卵,底层重要经济种类早期补充群体优势度急剧下降;鱼卵和仔稚鱼物种多样性水平在升温季节较高而在降温季节较低,调查期内各季主要呈现先降后升变动趋势。鱼类早期补充群体种类更替现象明显,近年来种类更替率呈现明显加快趋势。各调查时期相同季节各适温类型产卵亲体种数均呈现先降后升变动趋势,但各适温类型种数所占比例和全年综合各适温类型种数所占比例基本稳定。各调查时期相同季节各主要栖所类型产卵亲体种类数也均呈现先降后升变动趋势,全年综合陆架浅水中上层鱼类种数所占比例升高,中底层和底层鱼类所占比例有所下降。近30年在多重外来干扰作用下,渤海鱼类早期补充过程各个关键环节已随其栖息地(产卵场)生境要素发生不可逆变化或变迁。渤海鱼类种群早期补充群体群聚特性和结构更替是环境-捕捞胁迫下鱼类群落内多重生态位的交替失调和渔业资源结构性衰退的具体表现。