Root physiological traits and cold hardiness of alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue

Cold hardiness is important for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in northeast China. We investigated overwintering for three alfalfa grown alone or mix-sowed with meadow fescue. During the overwinter stage of the year from October 2013 to April 2014, five physiological and biochemical indexes and overwintering rate were investigated under natural conditions. The results showed that no matter either singly sowed or mix-sowed plants, physiological traits such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, and free proline of the alfalfa roots increased as the temperature decreased at the end of autumn, and decreased when the air temperature increased in the spring. The malondialdehyde content and peroxidase activity of all the treatments showed the trend of up–down–up during the whole overwintering stage. Investigation of the overwintering rate and using the membership function method combined with correlation analyses revealed that the order of the cold resistance of the selected alfalfa cultivars was as follows: Gongnong1?+?meadow fescue?>?Gongnong1?>?Wega7F?+?meadow fescue?>?Wega7F?>?WL319HQ?+?meadow fescue?>?WL319HQ. These results indicated that the cold resistance of alfalfa mix-sowed with the meadow fescue was higher than that of alfalfa that was singly sown.     

Survival of plants of common sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) in competition with two companion grass species

A 2-year experiment on competition between sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis ) and tetraploid perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) was conducted using plants grown in plastic containers outdoors. Root and shoot systems of sainfoin and the grasses were separated in order to investigate full and no competition of root and shoots, at two planting ratios (0·33 grass:0·66 sainfoin and 0·66 grass:0·33 sainfoin). Survival of sainfoin plants was lower at the higher grass:sainfoin ratio. More sainfoin plants died in the winter than during the growing season. Root competition had no effect on survival of sainfoin plants, but shoot competition reduced survival of sainfoin plants during one growing season. Companion grass species had no effect on survival of sainfoin plants, except in the first winter, when fewer sainfoin plants survived when grown with meadow fescue than perennial ryegrass.     

滴头埋设深度对土壤水分运移及草坪草生长的影响

草坪地下滴灌与喷灌相比,具有节水、方便管理等优点。为了掌握滴灌中滴头的适宜埋设深度,通过模拟及实地试验,对地下滴灌土壤水分分布及其对草坪生长的影响进行了观测分析。结果表明:在流量和灌水时间一定的情况下,随着埋深的增加,湿润锋在水平方向的运移距离减小,在垂直方向上增大;相同埋深时,滴头两侧的含水率分布对称。在高羊茅((Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Pixie))生长旺季,不同埋深处理对地上生物量影响显著(P<0.05),埋深20cm显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);不同埋深处理植株密度差异不显著;不同埋设深度对高羊茅根系分布有一定的影响,在每个滴头附近的根系密度和重量明显增加。     

盐胁迫下一氧化氮对高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨盐胁迫下草坪草种子萌发如何受到其他外源物质的影响,于2009年9月采用TP发芽法,研究外源一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)供体对盐胁迫下的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)种子萌发和幼苗生长的作用。结果表明:100μM的NO供体硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)可提高盐胁迫下高羊茅2个品种的种子发芽率和生物量,Arid3分别提高107.6%和24.5%,而Houndog5则提高94.5%和14.4%;施用0.1%的NO清除剂牛血红蛋白(Haemoglobin)具有削弱外源NO供体促进种子的发芽率和生物量的作用;NO供体SNP的另一光分解产物亚硝酸钠(NaNO²)没有提高盐胁迫下高羊茅种子的发芽和生物量。因此,盐胁迫下外源NO对高羊茅种子的萌发及幼苗生长具有保护作用。     

苜蓿与草地羊茅单混播根系生理变化与抗寒性的关系

为了探究紫花苜蓿与禾草单、混播越冬期根系生理变化与抗寒性的关系,以龙牧806、敖汉苜蓿、草原3号3个品种为试材,以草地羊茅为混播禾草,在我国黑龙江省东部地区,分别设置苜蓿单播区与苜蓿-草地羊茅混播区,调查苜蓿越冬率,测定苜蓿根系在秋末至翌年春可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸含量及过氧化物酶(POD)活性等4项指标的动态变化,并运用隶属函数法进行抗寒性综合评判。结果表明,品种不同,苜蓿单混播越冬率表现不一;苜蓿与禾草混播效果好于单播,混播越冬率达到90%以上;草原3号与龙牧806单、混播越冬率差异显著,不同品种之间单播越冬率差异不显著。各品种单播区与混播区苜蓿根系可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及游离脯氨酸含量均随气温下降而增加,翌年春,随气温回升而降低,其中可溶性糖含量在10月末达到最大值,平均含量为15.27%;草原3号和龙牧806单混播可溶性蛋白在10月末达到最大值,敖汉苜蓿单混播则是在11月中旬达到最高值;游离脯氨酸则在11月中旬达到最高值,且草原3号混播组合值最高,为21.84 mg·g-1。POD活性随温度变化呈现先升后降再上升的变化趋势。供试组合抗寒性大小依次为草原3号+草地羊茅龙牧806+草地羊茅草原3号龙牧806敖汉+草地羊茅敖汉苜蓿。本研究结果为提高紫花苜蓿在高寒地区的适应性提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

高羊茅应答盐胁迫的AtSOS途径基因的效应分析

本研究在2015年采用基因工程技术改良高羊茅耐盐性,通过种植转基因耐盐草坪草达到改良土壤改善生态环境的目的。以草坪草成熟种子诱导的胚性愈伤组织为受体,通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥AtSOS途径基因AtSOS1、AtSOS2-AtSOS3和AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3分别导入高羊茅爱瑞3号中,经PCR检测、Southern blotting分析和RT-PCR鉴定,获得了能稳定表达的转基因株系。以转不同组合AtSOS基因的高羊茅植株和野生型植株为材料进行盐处理,每次处理重复3次,测定其生理生化指标、株高、Na⁺、K⁺离子含量、叶绿素含量,结果显示,盐胁迫下转基因植株的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性都显著高于对照植株,而丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量的增加幅度均显著低于对照植株;盐胁迫下转基因和野生型植株叶片中的Na⁺、K⁺含量都增加;盐胁迫下所有植株的株高均呈下降趋势,各株系的叶绿素含量也减少,但是转基因(AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3)植株的叶绿素含量增加。转AtSOS基因的高羊茅通过发挥AtSOS途径的作用,促进了植物体内Na⁺的外排,减轻了盐胁迫所导致的伤害,提高了植物的耐盐性。     

紫羊茅不同生长阶段营养成分及其瘤胃降解动态研究

【目的】研究不同生长阶段紫羊茅营养成分及其绵羊瘤胃降解动态。【方法】以紫羊茅为研究对象,分别测定其4个不同生长阶段(分蘖期、拔节期、开花期、成熟期)的营养成分含量;同时选择装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊6只,测定紫羊茅各生长阶段常规营养成分的瘤胃降解动态。【结果】1)不同生长阶段紫羊茅各营养物质的含量差异显著(P<0.05);随着生长阶段的推进,粗蛋白(CP)和Ca含量呈下降趋势,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量呈升高趋势;P含量却在分蘖期、拔节期差异不显著,开花期含量较高。2)分蘖期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期紫羊茅的总氨基酸(TAA)含量分别为15.29%,12.55%,10.60%和7.02%,17种氨基酸含量随着紫羊茅生长阶段的推进逐渐降低,且分蘖期最高,成熟期较低;总必需氨基酸/总氨基酸(TEAA/TAA)、总必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(TEAA/NEAA)呈现高-低-高-低趋势,TAA/CP呈现高-低-高趋势。3)紫羊茅营养成分在瘤胃中降解的难易程度有极显著差异(P<0.01);随着生长阶段的推进,紫羊茅营养成分的有效降解率极显著下降(P<0.01),都在分蘖期最高,成熟期最低。【结论】综合紫羊茅不同生长阶段营养成分含量及瘤胃降解动态,建议在开花期对紫羊茅刈割利用。     

Accumulation of Phosphorus and Arsenic in Two Perennial Grasses for Soil Remediation

Rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides Sw.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were assessed for potential for phytoremediation of arsenic (As) in a soil-based medium amended with phosphorus (P) in a greenhouse experiment. Arsenic was added at 30 mg kg^?1, and P concentrations ranged from 0 to 120 mg kg^?1. Plants were grown for 8 weeks. Rice cutgrass accumulated greater concentration and total amount of As in shoots or roots than fescue. Only the first increment of P fertilization increased As in shoots above that which accumulated without P fertilization. Phosphorus fertilization did not stimulate growth of either species. Most of the As remained in the roots of either species. Plant–soil accumulation ratios suggest that rice cutgrass has more potential in phytoremediation than fescue. Above a minimal amount, P fertilization did not enhance As accumulation in shoots and may not be useful in increasing the potential of either species to remediate soils.     

贵州高羊茅新品种(系)比较试验

2007-2010年对选育鉴定的高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)新品系,按照完全随机区组排列设计方法,进行品种比较试验.结果表明,在株高30～40 cm时刈割测产,大方高羊茅每年的鲜草产量和干物质产量都比对照Fawn高许多,其中第2年的鲜草产量和干物质产量分别为87 825和15 360 kg/hm2,...     

产ACC脱氨酶植物根际促生菌的筛选及其对修复植物高羊茅生长的影响

以1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)为唯一氮源,从石油污染的土壤中分离得到一株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的菌株D5A.该菌在以ACC为唯一氮源条件下,其ACC脱氨酶比活力为0.084 U/mg.另外,D5A还具有产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)、耐盐以及溶磷的特性.在液体培养条件下该菌株产IAA高达112 mg/L,在90 g/kg盐含量的培养基中仍能够正常生长且具有较强的溶解矿物磷能力.同时该菌对酸碱具有良好的适应性,在初始pH4～10的LB培养基中生长良好.种子发芽试验表明在3 g/kg和6 g/kg浓度NaC1的逆境条件下,该菌株能显著提高高羊茅种子的发芽率和芽长.最后,通过对其进行生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,该菌株初步鉴定为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiellasp.).