沙漠乔桑的组织培养与工厂化生产

选取沙漠乔桑不同的外植体,通过芽的诱导、试管苗的快速增殖、试管苗生根和驯化移栽筛选出适宜的工厂化育苗工艺流程。3—6月份选取沙漠乔桑待萌发冬芽、萌发侧芽,流水冲洗干净后,70%酒精浸10秒,然后用0.15%氯化汞灭菌5~10min,以不同组合的培养基对外植体进行诱导、快速繁殖、生根。结果表明：以MS+BA1.0mg/l（单位下同）+NAA0.1作诱导培养基,用MS+BA0.5+NAA0.05作增殖培养基进行快速繁殖,以1/2MS+NAA0.2作生根培养基,移栽到草炭:珍珠岩:蛭石=3:1:2的混合基质中。通过试验筛选出了一套快速繁殖体系,建立了适宜于沙漠乔桑工厂化生产的工艺流程。     

Field Evaluation of Cocksfoot,Tall Fescue and Phalaris for Dry Marginal Environments of South‐Eastern Australia. 2. Persistence

Perennial grasses provide forage and environmental benefits in the agricultural systems of southern Australia, but persistent cultivars are lacking for the lower rainfall inland margins (<600 mm average annual rainfall). Potential new cultivars of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = syn. Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) have been developed in response to this need. These and older cultivars were evaluated for persistence at five sites in south‐eastern Australia from 2009 to 2013. A wide range in rainfall was experienced, but survival was principally reduced by a severe spring–summer–autumn drought in the final year in which all species began to decline in persistence once the spring 2012 to autumn 2013 cumulative climatic moisture deficit became higher than about 700 mm and declined very severely at deficits over 1000 mm. The highly summer‐dormant cocksfoot ssp. hispanica control cultivar Kasbah showed outstanding survival of this event in the cropping zone of southern New South Wales, but not at the drier of two sites with acidic soils in central Victorian where all cocksfoot cultivars showed similar survival. Potential new summer‐active tall fescue cultivars survived well at the higher rainfall Victorian site and under high rainfall in northern NSW. All tall fescue cultivars experienced high mortality during a period of high moisture stress in the spring of the establishment year in southern NSW, but the Mediterranean cultivar Grasslands Flecha MaxP gradually recovered. Differences among phalaris cultivars were not large with new cultivars of North African origin being marginally more persistent at the drier site in southern NSW. Comparisons with results from the Mediterranean Basin are discussed. Although there was no clear evidence of differences in persistence between the new and old cultivars, some of the new cultivars were considered to show potential for commercial release.     

低养护草坪草种研究进展

综述了国内外低养护草坪的热点草种,主要是羊茅属(Festuca)草坪草、野牛草(Buchloe dactyloides)、扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、丛生毛草(Deschampsia cespitosa),在低养护条件下的建植与养护相关的最新研究进展,旨在为低养护草坪研究感兴趣的人们提供参考。此外还讨论了我国假俭草(Erenochloa ophiuroides)、地毯草(Axonopus compressu)和竹节草(Chrysopogon aciculatus)种质资源的搜集评价工作。低养护草坪今后的研究方向将集中在继续探索建植多年生混播与盖播草坪、内生真菌在低养护草坪上的应用以及解决扁穗冰草的夏枯、丛生毛草的夏季虫害问题等方面。提出将"低养护"概念扩展,可为中高养护的草坪研究和养护开辟一个新的视角。     

再生水水面无土种植草坪的研究

该研究于2004年9月1日—2005年11月30日在北京林业大学草坪研究所实验站人工水池内进行.在不施肥不灌溉条件下,在再生水水面上利用水培浮板无土栽培高羊茅、草地早熟禾、匍匐翦股颖,3种草坪草均能正常生长.其中,水面栽培条件下高羊茅的叶绿素含量、叶片含水量、干重等指标均显著高于土培条件;草地早熟禾和匍匐翦股颖除叶片含水量与盖度大于土培条件外其余指标变化不显著;由于水面栽培的3种草坪草盖度的显著差异,表明匍匐翦股颖和高羊茅较草地早熟禾更适宜水面浮板无土栽培.     

农杆菌介导高羊茅遗传转化体系的建立

为建立农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导高羊茅(Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.)遗传转化体系,以草坪型高羊茅品种凌志的胚性愈伤组织为受体材料,通过gus基因瞬时表达检测,研究了多种因素对农杆菌介导转化的影响。结果表明,农杆菌介导高羊茅胚性愈伤组织转化的适宜条件为:愈伤组织在含BAP和NAA各0.5mg/L的培养基上预培养3d;菌液浓度OD600值0.7,感染时间15min;农杆菌预培养基和悬浮培养基以及共培养基中添加100μmol/L的乙酰丁香酮;共培养温度23℃,共培养时间3d,共培养基pH值5.2。不同浓度潮霉素筛选效果试验表明,采用低浓度(50mg/L)潮霉素连续筛选,再生获得的转基因植株数最多,因此是最为可取的筛选方式。     

Peroxidase isozyme differences in tall fescue cultivars and allopolyploid accessions

Summary The use of isoelectric focusing for the isozymic identification of cultivars and wild forms in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and determination of ploidy effects was investigated. Peroxidase zymograms from allopolyploid accessions (4x, 6x, 8x, and 10x, x=7) and randomly sampled plants of the cultivars Kenhy, Kentucky 31, and Missouri 96, were compared for band number, position, and staining intensity. There was little isozymic variation among plants in the tetraploid and hexaploid, but considerably more in the octoploid and decaploid members of the series. Yet no significant effects of ploidy on isozyme complexity or band number were observed. There were no consistent differences in band number, position, or frequencies among the three cultivars in spite of their diverse parentage. Isoclectric focusing can be used successfully in tall fescue, but the limited variability of the peroxidases encourages investigation of other isozyme systems in the future.Contribution from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. Journal Series No. 8627. Research supported by USDA-SEA Competitive Research Grant 5901-0410-9-0366-0.     

Evaluating drought resistance in germplasm of meadow fescue

Summary The drought resistance of 25 accessions of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) from seven countries was investigated in four experiments: two in the glasshouse using pot-grown plants from which water was withheld for various periods, and two in controlled environments under osmotic stress.There were significant differences between populations (broad-sense heritabilities or repeatabilities) in all four experiments. In the glasshouse there was a large residual effect of yield potential on production during and after slight-to-moderate drought, and different susceptibilities appeared only after very severe drought. The most consistently high-yielding accessions were from the Bergamo alps in Italy. Recovery after drought was strongly correlated with tiller survival. Continued production under moderate drought was considered important in wetter climates, whereas survival and recovery under severe drought was often associated with low production or flowering in the seeding year, and more typical of summer-drought climates.Leaf growth rates of plants subjected to zero or moderate osmotic stress were correlated with yields of irrigated or moderately-stressed plants in the glasshouse, although there was no differential susceptibility to mild stress. Under severe osmotic stress there were very large differences in survival between populations, but there was no relationship with survival under glasshouse conditions.The inconsistency of population rankings across experiments shows that no one technique gives a full evaluation of drought resistance, and emphasizes the complex nature of the phenomenon. It was possible, however, to identify (a) regions meriting further collections, and (b) ecotypes that had desirable responses in all experiments and could contribute to variety improvement.     

苇状羊茅与多花黑麦草苗期耐盐性的差异

比较了不同海盐质量浓度 (以下简称浓度 ) ( 3 2 ,6 4 ,9 6 ,12 8,16 0g·L-1)灌水条件下砂培盆栽苇状羊茅(Festucaarundinacea)和多花黑麦草 (Loliummultiflorum)苗期的生长情况。结果表明 :低海盐浓度下 ,两种牧草的生长均未受到不良影响 ,海盐浓度大于 6 4g·L-1时 ,株高、鲜重、干重皆随浓度的增高呈下降趋势 ,苇状羊茅所受的影响大于多花黑麦草 ;与对照相比 ,两种牧草在海盐灌水条件下叶绿素含量增加 ,多花黑麦草相对增长率高于苇状羊茅 ;两种牧草茎叶中Na 含量均随海盐浓度的增高而升高 ;随灌水海盐浓度的升高苇状羊茅茎叶中K 含量降低 ,而多花黑麦草茎中K 含量增加 ;相同海盐浓度灌水条件下 ,多花黑麦草茎叶中K 、Ca2 含量高于苇状羊茅 ;两种牧草相比 ,多花黑麦草苗期的耐盐性高于苇状羊茅     

氮磷钾肥对高羊茅生长及抗寒性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了氮磷钾肥对冷季型草坪草高羊茅生长、叶绿素含量及抗寒性的影响。结果表明,NPK配合施用能有效促进草坪草生长、叶绿素合成及提高抗寒性。NPK处理的叶片数、叶长及株高分别是不施氮处理的1.23、1.73和1.68倍,是不施磷处理的1.96、2.25和2.04倍。播种后100.d,NPK处理SPAD值分别比PK和NK处理高出2.53和3.14倍;越冬期NPK处理的脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和电解质渗透率(EL)分别是PK处理的313.6%、36.4%和13.4%,是NK处理的104.2%、14.0%和11.6%。试验结果还表明,磷肥对草坪草生长影响最大,氮肥次之,氮磷肥缺乏均降低草坪草抗寒性;钾肥施用与否对草坪草生长及抗寒性影响不大。说明氮磷钾肥合理施用能有效改善越冬期草坪质量。     

干热胁迫下两种苇状羊茅对不同水肥处理的响应机理

苇状羊茅是我国过渡区常用的四季常绿草坪草种,但在夏季苇状羊茅受到高温和干旱的双重胁迫.通过研究干热胁迫下不同灌溉与施肥管理措施对2种苇状羊茅品种火凤凰和科纳多的内部生理生化指标、外部形态学指标及草坪质量外观指标的影响,目的在于,1)分析灌溉和施肥管理对2个苇状羊毛品种对干热胁迫抗性的调控,2)通过该项实验筛选出适合在干...