Growth of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes in closed recirculating culture system

ABSTRACT:   Two feeding experiments were conducted to elucidate growth performance of tiger puffer in a 10 m³ water volume closed system. In experiment 1, 1000 fish of 3.5 g average body weight were fed tiger puffer commercial feed twice daily to apparent satiation, 6 days a week for 224 days. Sand-filtered sea water was used and no water was exchanged during the rearing period. Immediately after cutting of lower teeth at day 112, daily feed consumption decreased greatly and 60 fish died in few days. Feeding rates recovered and then decreased gradually as nitrate levels increased from 600–1048 mg N/L. Fish grew to 343 g with 91% survival rate and 87% feed efficiency. Rearing conditions of experiment 2 were similar to experiment 1, except that culture water was exchanged to maintain the nitrate level less than 600 mg N/L during the 224-day experiment. Mortality and reduction of feed consumption occurred immediately after teeth cutting as was observed in experiment 1. Significant reduction of feed intake was not found during other rearing periods. Fish of 3 g grew to 303 g with 91% survival rate and 72% feed efficiency.     

暗纹东方魨幼鱼对蛋白质的最适需要量

以白鱼粉为蛋白源设计了6个不同蛋白质水平(35%,40%,45%,50%,55%,60%)的等能饲料,采用室内水泥池养殖,在水温为24～26℃条件下对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼进行了12周的生长实验以确定其最适蛋白质需要量.增重率和饲料效率随着蛋白质水平的增加而上升,50%试验组的鱼体增重显著高于35%、40%和45%试验组(P＜0.05),蛋白质含量高于50%以后增重不再有显著变化(P＞0.05).蛋白质效率总体上随着蛋白质水平的增加趋于降低,但在35%、40%和50%试验组之间无显著差异(P＞0.05).采用折线模型测算出暗纹东方鲀幼鱼获得最大增长和对饲料利用最佳时的蛋白质水平分别大约是49%和46%,据此估算出暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的最适蛋白质含量为46%～49%,这一结果同红鳍东方鲀的最适蛋白质需要量基本一致.     

红鳍东方鲀三倍体诱导的初步研究

通过冷休克的方法诱导红鳍东方鲀的受精卵,孵化后的仔鱼,用PAS-Ⅲ型细胞流速仪测定其倍性,得到较高的三倍体诱导率。受精后8 min,0℃下处理15 min和受精后5 min,2℃下处理15min三倍体率最高,为100%;受精后8 min,4℃下处理10 min倍化率最低,为20%;其余几组的三倍体率为90%。正交试验结果表明,影响三倍体诱导率的主次顺序是处理时间、处理温度、处理起始时间。     

基于三维姿态拟合的非接触式红鳍东方鲀全长精准估算方法

鱼类生物量无损测算是智能化水产养殖的重要环节,如何实现鱼体全长精准估算是该环节稳定运行的重要前提。该研究以红鳍东方鲀为对象,提出了一种鱼体全长精准估算方法,可在非接触情况下对自由游动的红鳍东方鲀进行精准的体长估算。首先,利用双目立体视觉技术对原始图像进行校正和立体匹配获得深度图像,并通过SOLOv2模型进行鱼体分割;然后,通过自主设计的独立分类器对图像进行高效分类,自动获取可用于全长估算的鱼类侧面图像,其分类准确率达95.3%;最后,耦合图像平面特征和深度信息,对鱼类进行三维姿态拟合,实现鱼类全长精准估算。结果表明,该方法全长估算的平均相对误差为2.67%,标准差为9.45%,且全长估算值与质量表现出良好相关性（R2=0.88）。该研究将为鱼类生物量无损测算提供关键技术支撑,对水产养殖的信息化管理、鱼类生长状况评估、投饵控制等具有重要意义。     

Dietary astaxanthin differentially affected the lipid accumulation in the liver and muscle of the marine teleost,tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes

The lipid‐regulating effects of astaxanthin (ASTX) have been widely reported in terrestrial animals. However, little relevant information has been available in fish although ASTX has been used as exogenous pigment and antioxidant in fish feed. A 74‐day feeding study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary ASTX on lipid accumulation in the marine teleost tiger puffer. Four experimental diets differing only in ASTX supplementation, that is, 0 (control), 50 (ASTX50), 100 (ASTX100) and 500 (ASTX500) mg kg^‐1, were randomly assigned to 12 tanks of juvenile tiger puffer. Compared to control, the liver lipid content in group ASTX50 was significantly higher, while those in groups ASTX100 and ASTX500 were lower. The muscle lipid contents in group ASTX500 were significantly higher compared to control. Group ASTX50 had the best growth performances, while diet ASTX500 seemed to have adverse effects. In the liver, compared to control, groups ASTX50 and ASTX100 showed significantly lower mRNA expressions of genes related to triglycerol synthesis and fatty acid synthesis, transport and uptake, but higher expressions of genes related to β‐oxidation and monoglycerol hydrolysis. In the muscle, compared to control, ASTX100 showed higher expressions of genes related to β‐oxidation. ASTX50 resulted in higher contents of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids but lower contents of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. In conclusion, astaxanthin in diets for tiger puffer differentially regulated the lipid accumulation in the liver and muscle, both in dose‐dependent manners. Excess dietary astaxanthin (500 mg/kg) had adverse effects on tiger puffer.     

菊黄东方鲀幼鱼转食过程中生长和脂肪酸组成变化

为揭示菊黄东方鲀幼鱼转食过程中营养特点,提高转食期成活率,采用生化分析手段对驯化转食前、中、后的菊黄东方鲀幼鱼生长和全鱼脂肪酸组成及含量进行了检测和分析。结果显示,菊黄东方鲀幼鱼在驯化完全转食配合饲料后,呈现出体质量的生长补偿现象。驯化前幼鱼的肥满度最高(10.02),在驯化中最低(5.43),驯化后肥满度有显著恢复(6.00)。幼鱼摄食配合饲料后,全鱼的干物质含量明显升高。在菊黄东方鲀驯化转食前、中、后阶段的干样中检出8种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、7种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和12种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)。从百分含量上看,幼鱼驯化转食过程中,C16:0含量最高且稳定(21.26%~23.81%),C18:0含量显著下降,C16:1和C18:1n9c含量显著上升;C22:6n3(DHA)含量较丰富(11.95%~13.05%),且呈现略微降低;C20:5n3(EPA)在驯化中略微下降,驯化后又略有上升;C22:5n3(DPA)呈现显著降低。SFA的比例相对稳定(38.13%~42.52%),MUFA的比例呈现显著上升趋势,但PUFA的比例(特别是∑n3PUFA)呈现显著下降趋势。值得注意的是,配合饲料的C18:2n6c含量特别高(21.29%),但摄食配合饲料的幼鱼体内的C18:2n6c含量非常低(2.47%);相反,配合饲料的C16:1含量特别低(3.87%),但摄食配合饲料的幼鱼体内的C16:1含量较高(9.25%)。研究表明菊黄东方鲀幼鱼后期对n3PUFA(特别是DHA和EPA)有较高的需求量,但不需要过多的C18:2n6c,部分的C16:1需要从其他营养物质转化过来。为提高菊黄东方鲀幼鱼驯化转食配合饲料过程中成活率,建议:(1)幼鱼驯化转食前,加强投喂活体饵料,特别是富含n3PUFA的海水桡足类;(2)幼鱼驯化转食的配合饲料中加大DHA和EPA的添加量,同时减少C18:2n6c比例、增加C16:1的比例。     

光唇鱼与厚唇鱼肌肉营养成分的研究

[目的]比较光唇鱼和厚唇鱼的肌肉营养成分与氨基酸含量。[方法]对光唇鱼和厚唇鱼的肌肉营养成分进行测定,并探讨了2种鱼的营养价值。[结果]光唇鱼粗蛋白含量为19.4%,高于厚唇鱼(18.9%)。光唇鱼粗脂肪含量为1.05%,比其他鱼类低,具有良好的适口性。光唇鱼氨基酸总量达13.19%,也高于厚唇鱼(13.04%)。光唇鱼的必需氨基酸总量为5.31%,而必需氨基酸的占氨基酸总量的40.27%,均高于厚唇鱼。从与鱼肉味道相关的4种鲜味氨基酸来看,光唇鱼为5.11%,也高于厚唇鱼。[结论]该研究为光唇鱼和厚唇鱼的配合饲料研制和人工繁殖提供理论依据。     

免疫磁珠层析试纸法快速检测野生横纹东方鲀毒性

调查并比较了野生横纹东方鲀(Takifugu oblongus)与养殖的菊黄东方鲀(Takifugu flavidus)、暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)的毒性。随机选取17尾野生横纹东方鲀并用2%乙酸两次煮沸法提取各组织中河鲀毒素TTX,超滤离心去除杂蛋白,之后采用本实验室制备的免疫磁珠层析试纸条做定性检测,并对筛选出来的典型样本用国标小鼠生物法定量检测毒素含量与定性检测作对照,分析对比各组织TTX含量。野生横纹东方鲀肌肉和精巢TTX含量在0～7μg/g组织,由于个体差异处于无毒或弱毒水平;肝脏和卵巢TTX含量在4～400μg/g组织范围内,属于强毒水平;养殖菊黄东方鲀和暗纹东方鲀各组织均处于无毒水平。     

暗纹东方鲀组织内TTX含量与钠离子通道基因表达特征分析

为了探究暗纹东方鲀（Takifugu obscurus）组织内TTX含量与含毒组织电压门控钠离子通道基因表达特征。分别采用酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定暗纹东方鲀肝脏、心脏等8个组织 TTX含量,实时荧光定量(RT-qPCR)方法检测电压门控钠离子通道α亚基基因家族成员scn1aa,scn1ab,scn4aa,scn4ab,scn5aa,scn5ab,scn8aa,scn8ab（以下简称“电压门控钠离子通道基因”）在各组织中的相对表达特征。结果显示：各组织中TTX含量由高到低为脑(9.521±2.816μg/g)、心脏(4.271±1.129μg/g)、鳃(1.586±0.527μg/g)、肌肉(1.494±0.938μg/g)、肝脏(0.913±0.206μg/g)、皮肤(0.902±0.235μg/g)、肠道(0.894±0.215μg/g)和眼(0.864±0.287μg/g),脑、心脏组织为弱毒性,肝脏、皮肤、肌肉、眼、肠道、鳃组织为微毒性。RT-qPCR结果显示scn1aa、scn1ab、scn4ab、scn5aa、scn8aa、scn8ab基因均在肝脏组织的相对表达量最高,scn4aa基因仅在肌肉组织表达,皮肤组织仅有scn4ab基因表达,且scn4ab基因在所有检测组织种均有表达,表达具有广泛性。钠离子通道基因在斑马鱼和暗纹东方鲀组织表达特征存在差异。scn4ab基因可能在东方鲀属鱼类耐受TTX分子基础中发挥重要作用。     

EDCs‐induced glucocorticoid receptor related genes expression of the river pufferfish,Takifugu obscurus

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of substantial concern when contaminating waters. We studied gene expression of larvae from river pufferfish, Takifugu obscurus exposed to EDCs. We cloned the full‐ or partial‐length cDNA sequence of genes related to the cortisol pathway, such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and 90, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and the FK506‐binding protein 4 (FKBP52). The tissue and time‐dependent expression of mRNA was studied by real‐time PCR in T. obscurus exposed to two representative EDCs (bisphenol‐A and 4‐tert‐octylphenol). HSP70, HSP90, MR and FKBP52 mRNA expression level was much higher than GR and PEPCK expression. GR mRNA expression level was significantly upregulated after 48 h in both EDC‐treated fish groups compared with the control. Both groups also showed down‐regulation patterns after 48 h. The initial expression of PEPCK in both groups was down‐regulated after 24 h. In the bisphenol‐A treated group, the expression of FKBP52 showed substantially high up‐regulation from 6 to 48 h after exposure, and then strikingly reduced its expression level at 72 h. Our results provide insights into the EDCs metabolizing system of T. obscurus and offers baseline information for further research related to the possible use as a bio‐indicator of this commercially important aquaculture fish species.