水稻重离子诱变早熟突变体M85S特征特性及配合力遗传力分析

为了利用水稻光温敏核不育系重离子诱变早熟突变体M85S的潜在育种价值,对水稻光温敏核不育系早熟突变体M85S的特征特性及其所配组的F_1代产量构成性状体现的配合力及遗传力进行分析。利用2个光温敏水稻不育系和8个恢复系按2×8不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)设计配组,对亲本配合力及遗传力进行分析,结果表明,12个农艺性状及产量相关性状区组间差异不显著,组合间差异极显著,说明组合间存在真实的遗传差异,12个性状的遗传受基因加性效应和非加性效应的共同影响,遗传关系复杂。M85S播始历期一般配合力的相对效应值为负值(-2.40%),单株产量一般配合力的相对效应值为正(0.18%),表现为正效应。播始历期、有效穗数、一次枝梗数、穗长、千粒重和粒长的群体一般配合力方差占绝对高的比例,基因的遗传效应占主导作用;株高、总粒数、实粒数和单株产量的群体特殊配合力方差占绝对高的比例,环境效应占主导作用。12个性状的广义遗传力从大到小依次为:粒长播始历期千粒重总粒数穗长实粒数粒宽一次枝梗数有效穗数单株产量结实率株高。综合两个条件,在试验中所组配的16个杂交F_1代中,根据各性状的特殊配合力与一般配合力可知,M85S/创香5号与M85S/航恢1179两个组合较符合早熟与丰产的要求,可见M85S是水稻育种中具有较高应用价值的早熟种质资源,可从遗传上间接协调早熟与丰产矛盾。     

水稻光温敏核不育的分子与表观调控机理

两系法杂交水稻(Oryza sativa)的核心是光温敏核不育系,近年来对光温敏核不育系的研究取得了巨大进展.本文概述了光温敏雄性核不育基因的定位与克隆、育性转换机理、不育分子机制以及光温敏核不育的表观调控新进展,并对光温敏核不育的表观遗传学研究前景进行展望,以期为两系杂交水稻育种提供理论指导.     

Development of broad‐spectrum bacterial blight resistance into thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile lines

Two‐line hybrid rice technology is an effective way to increase rice production and improve rice quality. In this study, three bacterial blight (BB) resistance genes, Xa7, Xa21 and Xa23, were introgressed separately into C815S, a popular thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) line to develop five BB‐resistant lines (Hua1005S, Hua1002S, Hua1009S, Hua1006S and Hua1001S) to be resistant against seven races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The two‐line hybrids with heterozygous Xa23 were resistant against seven Xoo strains. But, the hybrids with heterozygous loci for both Xa7 and Xa21 were only resistant against three Xoo strains and were moderately susceptible to the other four strains indicating the role of modifiers influencing the poor expression of dominant BB resistance genes under heterozygous state. Among them, Hua1006S was found to be a promising TGMS line with its higher degree of disease resistance level on account of broad‐spectrum resistance gene Xa23 besides possessing better plant type and rice grain quality features.     

三个棉花雄性不育株花药发育过程的研究

利用20Cy的~(60)Co γ射线对陆地棉品种苏棉22号的花粉进行辐照处理,处理后的花粉给雌蕊授粉,并收获种子.从M_1群体中选取3个雄性不育株,采用石蜡切片技术对花药发育过程进行研究.通过与对照比较,3个雄性不育株各个时期的败育特征有一定差异,但它们的主要败育特征是一致的:从小孢子母细胞时期至小孢子发育阶段都有败育,小孢子母细胞、绒毡层和中层细胞以及花药的形态都受到不同程度的影响,包括小孢子母细胞有微核及双核现象、减数分裂阶段小孢子母细胞的细胞质膨胀、绒毡层及中层细胞异常等.     

三个棉花雄性不育株花药发育的过程

利用20Gy的60Co射线对陆地棉品种苏棉22号的花粉进行辐照处理,处理后的花粉给雌蕊授粉,并收获种子。从M1群体中选取3个雄性不育株,采用石蜡切片技术对花药发育过程进行研究。通过与对照比较,3个雄性不育株各个时期的败育特征有一定差异,但它们的主要败育特征是一致的：从小孢子母细胞时期至小孢子发育阶段都有败育,小孢子母细胞、绒毡层和中层细胞以及花药的形态都受到不同程度的影响,包括小孢子母细胞有微核及双核现象、减数分裂阶段小孢子母细胞的细胞质膨胀、绒毡层及中层细胞异常等。     

两种玉米温敏不育系的育性相关性状的比较及不育基因的初步定位

本研究通过形态学、生态学、遗传学及基因定位研究表明,玉米温敏不育系琼6Qms和琼68S是两种完全不同的玉米温敏不育系,琼6Qms的育性主要表现为颖壳不开裂,育性转换主要受温度影响,该性状由两对隐性重叠不育基因控制,分别位于第3和第5染色体上。琼68S为花药败育型,其育性转换受温度控制,不育性由一对隐性基因控制,该基因位于第2染色体上。     

油菜(B.juncea L.)温敏核不育的温度敏感基因分析

温敏核不育是雄性育性可受温度调节的一种不育类型.1999年云南省农科院从油菜(Brassica juncea L.)核不育材料"05S"中同时选育得到一个温敏核不育系"K121S"和一个不具温敏性的核不育两型系"116A".遗传试验表明,它们的雄性不育基因等位,不育性由核内2对隐性重叠基因控制,对温度敏感与否与另一对同不育基因互作的抑制基因有关,携带隐性纯合抑制基因的不育系(K121S),低温条件下其不育基因的作用被抑制而表现可育,高温条件下抑制基因作用失活,不育系仍表现雄性不育;携带显性纯合抑制基因的不育系(116A)其育性则不受温度影响.因此,在油菜温敏核不育"K121S"中,隐性抑制基因作用的温敏性导致了不育性的温敏性.     

陆地棉细胞质雄性不育突变体的发现与鉴定

在陆地棉群体中发现一个雄性不育突变体,并对之进行了鉴定,确定为细胞质雄性不育突变体。该突变体对于研究棉花雄性不育的细胞质遗传机理,将具有重要的种质利用价值。     

Thoughts and Practice on Some Problems about Research and Application of Two-Line Hybrid Rice

The main problems about research and application of two-line hybrid rice were reviewed, including the confusing nomenclature and male sterile lines classification, the unclear characteristics of photoperiod and temperature responses and the unsuitable site selection for male sterile line and hybrid rice seed production. In order to efficiently and accurately use dual-purpose genic male sterile lines, four types, including PTGMS (photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice), TGMS (thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice), reverse PTGMS and reverse TGMS, were proposed. A new idea for explaining the mechanism of sterility in dual-purpose hybrid rice was proposed. The transition from sterile to fertile was involved in the cooperative regulation of major-effect sterile genes and photoperiod and/or temperature sensitive ones. The minor-effect genes with accumulative effect on sterility were important factors that affected the critical temperature of sterility transfer. In order to make better use of dual-purpose lines, the characterization of responses to photoperiod and temperature of PTGMS should be made and the identification method for the characterization of photoperiod and temperature responses of PTGMS should also be put forward. The optimal ecological site for seed production could be determined according to the historical climate data and the requirements for the meteorological conditions during the different periods of seed production.     

玉米温敏自交不亲和系的鉴定与生态学机制分析

在玉米繁殖过程中发现了一种生态自交不亲和材料HE 97,为了证明其不亲和类型及其生态学机制,通过2 a田间分期播种和花丝切片观察,对该材料的自交不亲和性进行了研究.结果表明,HE 97的自交不亲和性主要受温度影响,表现为高温自交亲和,低温自交不亲和,亲和性转换的敏感时期是雄穗的小花分化期/雌穗生长锥伸长期,临界温度为20～24℃.花粉在其相同基因型花丝上不能萌发可能是导致HE 97自交不亲和的主要原因.