根控肥(CULTAN)对强筋小麦临优145产量及品质的影响

为给根控肥（Controlled uptake long term ammonium nutrition,CULTAN）在强筋小麦高产优质栽培上的应用提供依据,根据CULTAN的原理与关键配方,以临优145为材料采取田间试验方法,研究了根控肥对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,根控肥可显著增加强筋小麦的产量,其中根控肥2（1／3硫铵＋2／3尿素＋DCD添加剂）的产量较传统肥2（硫铵）和不施肥的对照分别增产713和1513kg／hm^3,增幅14．15％和35．71％;成穗数和穗粒数也有所增加。根控肥也可明显改善强筋小麦的营养品质和加工品质,蛋白质含量明显高于对照,达极显著水平;面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间和沉淀值明显提高,尤其是硫铵、尿素和DCD添加剂混合物的根控肥效果最为明显。因此在优质强筋小麦生产中,推广使用根控肥,能迟到强筋小麦产量与品质的协调统一。     

Genotypic variation in patterns of root distribution, nitrate interception and response to moisture stress of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) mapping population

Genotypic variation in patterns of root distribution, nitrate interception and response to moisture stress were assessed in both parents and 198 progeny of a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) full‐sibling mapping population. This was carried out in metre‐deep tubes of sand culture in a glasshouse experiment. The proportion of root dry matter (DM) weight in the top 10 cm of sand ranged from 0·33 to 0·75 and values of log₁₀(1 ? K), where K is the constant for an exponential model relating root DM weight and root depth, also showed wide variation among genotypes. The proportion of a pulse of ¹⁵N recovered in whole plants ranged from 0·124 to 0·431. There was a positive linear correlation between the proportion of ¹⁵N recovered and plant total DM weight, but no relationship between nitrate interception and patterns of distribution of DM weight of roots. Some genotypes responded to moisture stress by increasing root growth, and in others root growth was inhibited. It is concluded that this below‐ground variability in root variables may be an evolutionary adaptation by plant populations to survive heterogeneity in soil biotic and edaphic factors.     

乙烯利诱导水稻根内通气组织形成的研究

 以扬稻6号（Oryza sativa L.）幼苗为材料,研究乙烯利对根内组成型通气组织形成的影响。结果表明,随营养液中乙烯利浓度的增高,中皮层部位细胞解体形成通气空腔数增多,超氧化物歧化酶的活性呈下降趋势;以正常生长的水稻根系为对照,100 mg/L乙烯利处理后根尖10 mm和距根尖10 mm以上部位的木葡聚糖转葡糖苷酶（XET）基因表达量均显著高于对照相应部位,XET基因的积累与通气组织形成具有一致性;对处理与对照根尖10 mm部位超微结构比较发现,乙烯利处理后根系皮层细胞发生死亡解体的时间早,在距离根尖4 mm处多数细胞内核已解体消亡,细胞壁周围可见较多的高尔基体、线粒体和膜包裹的空泡等。     

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Light-Sensitive Red-Root Mutant in Rice

The light-sensitive red-root mutant, designated as HG1, was newly observed from an indica rice variety, Nankinkodo, when seedlings were grown with roots exposed to natural light. The root color of the mutant began to turn slight-red when the roots were exposed to the light at the intensity of 29 μmol/(m2·s), then turned dark-red at the light intensity of 180 μmol/(m2·s), suggesting that the root color of the mutant was evidently sensitive to light. Furthermore, genetic analysis showed that the character of ...     

小麦花后淹水胁迫对根区土温及籽粒灌浆的影响

为了探讨淹水对花后冬小麦根区土温及籽粒灌浆的影响,在淮北平原涝渍易发地河南商丘市,对处于花后灌浆阶段的冬小麦进行淹水试验。结果表明,淹水使小麦百粒重降低,花后灌浆阶段淹水1 d、3 d和5 d使乳熟期的小麦百粒重比非淹水处理分别降低6.93%、10.35%和10.31%;淹水使小麦灌浆速率受到抑制,淹水5 d、3 d、1 d和CK的平均单粒灌浆速率分别为1.36、1.39、1.52和1.61 mg·d^-1,淹水超过5 d使小麦的乳熟时间推后。淹水使10~40 cm土层间温差变小,淹水时间越长,10~40 cm土温降低越多,淹水结束后土温回升也越快。花后淹水使小麦干物质量及籽粒产量降低,淹水5 d以上使小麦地上、地下部分干物质量显著降低。因此,小麦花后灌浆阶段淹水会影响根区环境和地上部干物质的形成,并最终影响籽粒灌浆及产量。     

铝胁迫对海南花生根系的研究初报

采用水培方法,研究不同Al³⁺浓度处理对海南省本地农家种花生的根系生长、性状指标和生物量的影响。结果表明：(1)50 μmol/L Al³⁺处理下的本地种花生的根长显著短于0 μmol/L Al³⁺处理下的根长,100 μmol/L Al³⁺处理下本地种花生根系生长发育受到严重抑制。(2)100 μmol/L Al³⁺处理下,本地种花生株高和基茎直径显著小于0 μmol/L Al^{3+相似文献}   

施氮对两优培九根系生长的影响及根系性状与氮素累积量的相关性

2003和2004年,在盆栽条件下以两系超级杂交稻两优培九为材料,设计9个氮肥处理,研究施用氮肥对抽穗期12个根系性状的影响及根系性状与氮素吸收的关系。结果表明：年度间单株不定根数的差异较小,其余11个根系性状以及成熟期氮素累积量的年度间差异均很大;氮处理对抽穗期12个根系性状以及成熟期氮素累积量均有显著或极显著影响;年度与氮处理对单株根干重、单条不定根粗、单条不定根干重、单株根系α-NA氧化量、单株根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积以及成熟期氮素累积量的互作效应均达到显著或极显著水平。在各施氮处理中,增施和早施氮肥能显著增加单株不定根数,施氮量较少且作1次施用时,氮肥作基肥施用的处理单株不定根总长度和根干重最大,施氮量较多且作2次施用时,以基肥＋保花肥施氮组合的单株不定根总长度、根干重、根系α-NA氧化量、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积最大。抽穗期单株的不定根数、不定根总长度、根干重、根系α-NA氧化量、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积与成熟期氮素累积量均呈极显著线性正相关（r=0.591^＊＊～0.850^＊＊）。     

Interactive Effects of CO2 and O3 on the Growth of Trisetum flavescens and Trifolium pratense Grown in Monoculture or a Bi-Species Mixture

SUMMARY

Golden oat grass (Trisetum flavescens L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were grown as monocultures or bi-species mixtures under controlled conditions and exposed to ambient (350 ppm) or elevated (580 ppm) CO₂, with or without addition of O₃ (diel profile with 150 ppb maximum). Shoot biomass measurements after the initial growth and two re-growth periods were used to determine the specific responses of both species, and the difference in the specific response between monocultures and mixtures. T. pratense was much more responsive to CO₂, O₃, and their combination, compared to T. flavescens. In the case of O₃ but not of CO₂, the difference in sensitivity between species was larger in mixture than in monoculture. In contrast to elevated CO₂, O₃ significantly reduced the root:shoot ratio in the mixture, which could explain the increasing negative effect of O₃ on clover with progressing harvests.

The relative CO₂ stimulation of T. pratense and of the cumulative mixture shoot biomass was larger in the presence than in the absence of O₃, which was due to an almost complete protection from O₃ stress by elevated CO₂. In the mixture, the fraction of T. flavescens was small and increased during the experiment; this increase was most pronounced with O3, but any change in mixture biomass was dominated by the response of T. repens.

The results confirm that in grass/legume mixtures legumes are most sensitive to elevated CO₂ and O₃, but the magnitude of specific responses depends on canopy structure and of plant development. Elevated CO₂ minimizes the negative impacts of O₃ stress on above- and below-ground plant growth.     

Anatomy of Nodal Roots in Tropical Upland and Lowland Rice Varieties

abstract

Nodal root anatomy was compared among twelve upland and lowland rice (Oryza sative L.) varieties with tropical origin which were grown in hydroponic culture and under field conditions. The traditional upland japonica varieties showed the largest diameter of root, stele, and xylem vessel followed by modern upland varieties. There was a clear varietal difference in the ratio of stele to root diameter, which was associated with the genetic group rather than with the ecosystems. The japonica varieties had a significantly larger stele diameter relative to the root diameter than indica and aus varieties. The indica and aus varieties displayed more xylem vessels per unit area of stele than the japonica varieties, but the diameter of xylem vessel was smaller. Equivalent xylem vessel diameter (De) was more dependent on the number of xylem in the indica varieties than in the japonica varieties. Distinctly different types of sclerenchyma anatomy were identified among the varieties. The development of sclerenchyma was classified into four different types based on thickening of cell wall in the outer cortical parenchyma and the number of sclerenchymatous cell layers. Like the xylem anatomy, the varietal differences in sclerenchyma development were more associated with genetic group rather than the ecotype. The japonica varieties had higher frequency of the types which have a doubled cell layer in sclerenchyma with thick cell wall than indica and aus. The difference among the genetic groups was nearly consistent across growing conditions, aerobic and submerged soils. These results indicated that sclerenchyma development is controlled by a genetic factor.     

根部施药防治青桐木虱

采用根部施药防治青桐木虱,是一种行之有效的施药方法,具有操作简便、防治效果高、对环境污染小的特点。树干直径10 cm左右的青桐树,用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂4-8 g.株^-1,根际施药或根冠施药,对青桐木虱的防治效果良好,药后5 d相对防效均达90%以上,且持效期较长。