瞬时拉力下两个生长期4种植物单根抗拉力与抗拉强度的研究

研究3～4年生柠条、沙柳、沙地柏和白沙蒿的单根(根径为0.3～3 mm)在两个生长时期内瞬时大风作用下的抗拉力和平均抗拉强度.结果表明,在生长季初期(5月初)和旺盛生长期(8月中旬),4种植物根系的单根抗拉力与直径均呈幂函数正相关关系;抗拉力和平均抗拉强度均表现为柠条＞沙柳＞沙地柏＞白沙蒿;沙柳、沙地柏、白沙蒿在生长季初期的抗拉力和平均抗拉强度大于旺盛生长期,柠条反之.     

Conversion of a tropical forest into agroforest alters the fine root-related carbon flux to the soil

Large areas of remaining tropical forests are affected by anthropogenic disturbances of various intensities. These disturbances alter the structure of the forest ecosystem and consequently its carbon budget. We analysed the role of fine root dynamics in the soil carbon budget of tropical moist forests in South-east Asia along a gradient of increasing disturbance intensity. Fine root production, fine root turnover, and the associated carbon fluxes from the fine root system to the soil were estimated with three different approaches in five stands ranging from an old growth forest with negligible anthropogenic disturbance to a cacao agroforestry system with planted shade trees. Annual fine root production and mortality in three natural forest sites with increasing canopy openness decreased continuously with increasing forest disturbance, with a reduction of more than 45% between the undisturbed forest and the forest with large timber extraction. Cacao agroforestry stands had higher fine root production and mortality rates than forest with large timber extraction but less than undisturbed forest. The amount of carbon annually transferred to the soil carbon pool through fine root mortality was highest in the undisturbed forest and generally decreased with increasing forest use intensity. However, root-related C flux was also relatively high in the plantation with planted shading trees. In contrast, the relative importance of C transfer from root death in the total above- and below-ground C input to the soil increased with increasing forest use intensity and was even similar to the C input via leaf litter fall in the more intensively managed agroforest. We conclude that moderate to heavy disturbance in South-east Asian tropical moist forests has a profound impact on fine root turnover and the related carbon transfer to the soil.     

FACE对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性影响的研究

2005、2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,设计施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究大气CO2浓度比对照高200umol·mol^-1的FACE处理对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性的影响。结果表明：（1）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期单位干质量根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、α-萘胺氧化量等根系活性指标均极显著小于对照。由于FACE处理促进汕优63根系发生量的大幅度增加,因此分蘖期、拔节期其单穴根系活性与对照多无明显差异,到抽穗期FACE处理单穴根系活性显著大于对照;（2）拔节期、抽穗期汕优63每穴的不定根数、不定根总长度、根系体积、根干质量与单位干质量根系活性的关系密切,根量越大单位于质量根系活性越低;（3）不同生育时期汕优63植株含氮率与单位干质量的根系活性多呈正相关,植株碳氮比与单位干质量的根系活性多呈负相关;（4）FACE处理汕优63根系生长量大、植株含氮率低、碳氮比高等可能是造成其单位干质量根系活性低于对照的重要原因。     

西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系发展对策研究

西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系是实现西藏农牧业跨越式和可持续发展、增加农牧民收入和促进农村经济、文化快速发展的重要平台。在基于西藏农牧业教育、农村信息化建设的现状的条件下,通过对农村远程教育与信息化服务所面临的主要问题的分析,提出了西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系发展的对策。     

不同退耕年限撂荒地植物多样性及生物量分析

退耕还林(草)作为黄土高原水土流失综合治理的主要生态建设措施,经过几十年的开展,黄土高原生态环境得到极大恢复,林草覆盖率明显增加。以安塞县纸坊沟流域为研究区,选取坡耕地(0a)为对照,研究了退耕年限(3～5,10,18,28,37a)对撂荒地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,随退耕年限的延长,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、相同土层根长密度都表现为增大—减小—增大的趋势;植被盖度和地上生物量表现为37a>28a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a;撂荒地植被根系生物量、根长密度均随土层深度增加而减少;不同退耕年限撂荒地,相同层根系生物量表现为28a>37a>18a>3～5a>10a>0a。     

斜坡单元划分在彭阳县地质灾害危险性区划中的应用

斜坡单元是滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害发育的基本单元,能够综合体现各种控制与影响因素的作用,适用于地质灾害危险性区划。阐述了斜坡单元划分的基本原理,基于ArcGIS,采用斜坡单元作为评价单元,对彭阳县地质灾害进行了危险性区划,分区结果具有较好的准确性和预测性。斜坡单元划分方法可为地质灾害危险性区划提供参考,具有现实的防灾减灾意义。     

气候变化对我国油菜生产的影响

近年来,我国气候发生了显著变化：一是年平均气温显著升高;二是年降水总量有增加趋势,但区域性和季节性明显;三是极端气候事件频率和强度显著增加;四是CO2浓度持续升高;五是日照时数缩短明显。受其影响,我国油菜种植面积近年来显著增加,特别是冬油菜,有明显的“北移、西扩”趋势,这与气温升高引起作物种植北界北移有关。尽管我国油菜的单产也呈现增加趋势,但其与气象因子变化之间的关系目前还不明确。由极端气候引起的农业灾害显著增加,油菜生产的不稳定性增大。因此,提高综合抗逆能力、促进稳产是油菜生产急需解决的问题。     

硒的价态与浓度水平对6种植物种子发芽和根际生长的影响

本文研究了硒的价态（Se6＋和Se4＋）和浓度水平（0～100mgSe·L-1）对6种植物（大麦、小麦、花椰菜、萝卜、苜蓿和欧芹）种子萌发和根际生长特性的影响。结果表明,低浓度硒（〈1mgSe·L-1）对种子发芽促进作用不明显,而高浓度硒（〉4mgSe·L-1）则有显著抑制作用,不同种子对硒的抗性表现不同。根长和芽长的测定结果表明,低浓度对花椰菜和小麦种子生长具有显著促进作用,对欧芹种子表现出抑制作用。较高浓度（1～4mg·L-1）即对花椰菜、苜蓿和欧芹的根生长表现出抑制作用,高浓度对小麦、大麦和萝卜根生长有抑制作用,且使芽生长受到抑制的硒浓度高于根生长。比较价态,低硒时六价对花椰菜生长的促进作用显著高于四价,高硒时小麦和苜蓿对硒的抗性表现为六价硒强于四价硒,其余科属差异不显著。不同科属对硒的抗性为禾本科小麦和大麦最强,十字花科花椰菜和萝卜次之,豆科苜蓿较差,伞形科欧芹最差。     

岩溶区典型根系地下生境的土壤质量分析

选择岩溶区三种不同的典型根系地下生境类型土壤为研究对象(类型Ⅵ——白云岩水平产状多层空间类型、类型Ⅸ——白云岩倾斜产状多层空间类型及类型Ⅺ——白云岩直立产状多层空间类型),根据不同类型的土壤物理、化学及生物学指标,计算土壤肥力的综合指标值,对其土壤质量进行综合分析评价。结果表明:(1)不同植物根系地下生境类型和不同空间土壤层次的土壤指标值差异极显著;(2)不同类型的土壤质量存在差异,且具有明显的层次性,土壤质量表现为白云岩倾斜产状多层空间类型最好,且三种类型的土壤质量均呈现出随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低的趋势。该文揭示了根系地下生境的土壤质量差异,这为岩溶石漠化区的植被恢复技术研究和治理均有积极的作用。     

Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.