共生期与种植密度对棉田套播油菜生长及产量的影响

为探讨共生期和密度对棉田套播油菜生长和产量的影响, 设置3个共生期: 棉油共生10 d (T10)、20 d (T20)和30 d (T30)及4个种植密度 30 (D1)、45 (D2)、60 (D3)和75万株 hm^–2 (D4)裂区试验。结果表明: (1)同一密度下, 延长共生期, 越冬期、蕾薹期和花期绿叶数、叶面积指数均增加, 促进了根系及地上部干物质累积, 根冠比、株高、根茎粗增加, 茎秆酸不溶木质素和总木质素含量下降, 可溶性糖、半纤维素和纤维素含量升高。油菜根倒角度虽增加, 但茎倒角度、总倒伏角度减小, 油菜单株和群体产量均增加, 以T30D2群体产量最高。(2)密度对油菜生长和产量的影响因共生期不同存在差异。相同共生期处理下, 随密度增加, 单株绿叶数减少, 根系干物质、地上部干物质累积量降低, 单株产量降低。T30条件下, 叶面积指数(LAI)随密度增加呈先增后减的趋势, 在D3密度时, LAI最大; 在T20、T10条件下, LAI则随密度增加而增加。群体产量与LAI变化趋势一致。在T30、T20处理下, 茎倒角度随密度增加呈先降后增趋势, 在T10处理下, 则逐渐增加, 与茎秆纤维素含量变化趋势相反, 两试点均为T30D3田间总倒伏角度最小。(3)武穴及天门试点棉田套播油菜产量所要求的共生期及密度最优配置分别为29.8 d、48.8万株 hm^–2, 29.7 d、57.6万株 hm^–2; 在此配置下, 两试点油菜产量理论值分别为3243.0、3082.8 kg hm^–2, 与当地棉田套播油菜常用栽培模式(共生期15 d, 密度15.0~22.5万株 hm^–2, 产量约2625 kg hm^–2)相比, 可实现增产23.5%、17.4%。     

Improved estimation of biological nitrogen fixation of soybean cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Glycine max</Emphasis> L. Merril) using <Superscript>15</Superscript>N natural abundance technique

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of 17 soybean cultivars was comparatively estimated by the δ¹⁵N natural abundance technique using two non-nodulation soybeans (Clay and Chippewa) as reference plants. A field study was established on the experimental farm of the University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin on a typical “terre de barre” soil classified by Food and Agriculture Organization-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation as Rhodic Ferralsol. A nitrogen-free pot trial was also carried out using soil substrate sampled from the Atlantic Ocean beach. In the N-free medium, N content of the whole soybean cultivars ranged from 2.6 to 8.1 mg N per plant compared with an average of 1.8 mg N per plant observed with the non-fixing soybeans. Plant δ¹⁵N of the nodulating soybeans ranged from −2.7756‰ (Jupiter) to 0.1951‰ (Conquista), while the non-nodulating cultivars Chippewa and Clay had 2.67‰ and 9.30‰, respectively. Percentage and amount of N derived from air (Ndfa) were significantly different (P < 0.01) among soybean cultivars, and values depended highly on the selected reference plants. When Clay was used as the reference plant, the average percentage Ndfa was 1.4 times higher than when Chippewa was the reference plant. Both reference plants consistently ranked promiscuous soybean cvs. TG× 1894 3F and TG× 1908 8F as the best cultivars and cv. TG× 1888 29F as the least in percentage Ndfa, suggesting that any of the reference plants could be used in δ¹⁵N method for assessing N₂-fixation. The two identified promiscuous soybean cultivars with greatest capacity to fix N could be included in a soybean extension program for West African farming systems.     

星点东方鲀及共生细菌河鲀毒素的提取与检测

从福建东山县附近海域捕获3尾野生星点东方鲀(Takifugu niphobles),采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测了其组织及从组织分离到的细菌发酵产物的河鲀毒素(Tetrodotoxin,TTX)含量,结果显示星点东方鲀卵巢、肝脏和肌肉组织的TTX含量分别是56.247、0.380和0.118μg/g。根据16S r DNA测序的结果,从星点东方鲀的肠道中分离到一株鳗利斯顿氏菌属(Listonella sp.)细菌,从肝脏中分离到两种不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)细菌,从肌肉中分离到一株肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)细菌,从卵巢组织中分离到一株牡蛎弧菌(Vibrio crassostreae),其中,除牡蛎弧菌和一株不动杆菌属细菌外,其他细菌的发酵液提取物中均检测到TTX。这是首次在河鲀鱼类组织中分离到产TTX的鳗利斯顿氏菌属细菌和不动杆菌属细菌。     

环草石斛内生真菌的筛选及其生理效应

从野生环草石斛组织中筛选内生真菌,并研究其对环草石斛的生理作用。结果表明,所筛选的菌株中,17．64％的菌株对环草石斛起促生作用,其中菌株S12和S50的促生效果较明;59．94％的菌株对环草石斛生长无影响;29．41％的菌株对环草石斛有害。     

白蚁肠道内的共生微生物区系

白蚁是少数几种以木质纤维素类物质为食的动物之一,在自然界木质纤维素循环中担当重要角色,并可为木质纤维素转化为生物燃料提供生化催化剂。白蚁的后肠内包含有密集的和种类丰富的微生物,这些微生物可降解纤维素和半纤维素、发酵成短链的脂肪酸、脂肪酸被白蚁吸收,它们主要有原生动物(低等白蚁)、细菌、真菌等。综述了白蚁肠道内共生微生物与宿主的共生关系及其微生物的应用前景。     

共生固氮在农牧业上的作用及影响因素研究进展

共生固N是生物固N的主体部分,具有固N效率高、应用范围广等特点。叙述了主要豆科作物年固N量及固N量占豆科作物本身所吸收N的比例,阐述了豆科作物在与非豆科作物间套轮作中固定N素的转移及对非豆科作物的影响,并介绍了影响豆科作物-根瘤菌共生体共生固N效率的主要因素。开展豆科作物-根瘤菌共生体系方面的研究对农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Size, symbiotic effectiveness and genetic diversity of field pea rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) populations in South Australian soils

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is widely grown in South Australia (SA), often without inoculation with commercial rhizobia. To establish if symbiotic factors are limiting the growth of field pea we examined the size, symbiotic effectiveness and diversity of populations of field pea rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) that have become naturalised in South Australian soils and nodulate many pea crops. Most probable number plant infection tests on 33 soils showed that R. l. bv. viciae populations ranged from undetectable (six soils) to 32×10³ rhizobia g⁻¹ of dry soil. Twenty-four of the 33 soils contained more than 100 rhizobia g⁻¹ soil. Three of the six soils in which no R. l. bv. viciae were detected had not grown a host legume (field pea, faba bean, vetch or lentil). For soils that had grown a host legume, there was no correlation between the size of R. l. bv. viciae populations and either the time since a host legume had been grown or any measured soil factor (pH, inorganic N and organic C). In glasshouse experiments, inoculation of the field pea cultivar Parafield with the commercial Rhizobium strain SU303 resulted in a highly effective symbiosis. The SU303 treatment produced as much shoot dry weight as the mineral N treatment and more than 2.9 times the shoot dry weight of the uninoculated treatment. Twenty-two of the 33 naturalised populations of rhizobia (applied to pea plants as soil suspensions) produced prompt and abundant nodulation. These symbioses were generally effective at N₂ fixation, with shoot dry weight ranging from 98% (soil 21) down to 61% (soil 30) of the SU303 treatment, the least effective population of rhizobia still producing nearly double the growth of the uninoculated treatment. Low shoot dry weights resulting from most of the remaining soil treatments were associated with delayed or erratic nodulation caused by low numbers of rhizobia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting of 70 rhizobial isolates recovered from five of the 33 soils (14 isolates from each soil) showed that naturalised populations were composed of multiple (5-9) strain types. There was little evidence of strain dominance, with a single strain type occupying more than 30% of trap host nodules in only two of the five populations. Cluster analysis of RAPD PCR banding patterns showed that strain types in naturalised populations were not closely related to the current commercial inoculant strain for field pea (SU303, ≥75% dissimilarity), six previous field pea inoculant strains (≥55% dissimilarity) or a former commercial inoculant strain for faba bean (WSM1274, ≥66% dissimilarity). Two of the most closely related strain types (≤15% dissimilarity) were found at widely separate locations in SA and may have potential as commercial inoculant strains. Given the size and diversity of the naturalised pea rhizobia populations in SA soils and their relative effectiveness, it is unlikely that inoculation with a commercial strain of rhizobia will improve N₂ fixation in field pea crops, unless the number of rhizobia in the soil is very low or absent (e.g. where a legume host has not been previously grown and for three soils from western Eyre Peninsula). The general effectiveness of the pea rhizobia populations also indicates that reduced N₂ fixation is unlikely to be the major cause of the declining field pea yields observed in recent times.     

The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in legume symbiotic performance

Legumes may respond to non-rhizobial inoculants such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi either through an effect on plant growth or, in addition, through an effect on the function of the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. We have examined the literature where the application of ¹⁵N isotope dilution methodology permits the effect of indigenous AM and AM inoculants to be quantitatively separated into plant-growth-mediated and biological N₂ fixation (BNF)-mediated components. These studies clearly demonstrate the beneficial effects that both indigenous and inoculated AM have on legume growth, N uptake and the proportional dependence of the legume on atmospheric N₂. While the published data allow an assessment of various biological, edaphic and environmental factors that affect the response of various legumes to AM inoculation, they also highlight the paucity of quantitative field data and the lack of understanding of the interaction of legume genotype with AM species with respect to legume symbiotic performance.     

Symbiotic relationships and root nodule ultrastructure of the pasture legume Biserrula pelecinus L.—a new legume in agriculture

Biserrula pelecinus is a pasture legume species new to Australian agriculture. The potential N benefit from B. pelecinus pastures in agricultural systems may not be realised if its symbiotic interactions with Mesorhizobium spp. are not well understood. This study evaluated the symbiotic interactions of four strains of Biserrula root-nodule bacteria (WSM1271, WSM1283, WSM1284, WSM1497) with four genotypes of B. pelecinus (cv. Casbah, 93GRC4, 93ITA33, IFBI1) and with a range of related legumes, including species known to be nodulated by strains of Mesorhizobium loti and other Mesorhizobium spp. Structures of root nodules were studied using light and electron microscopy enabling the ultrastructure of effective and ineffective nodules to be compared. B. pelecinus always formed typical indeterminate, finger-like nodules. The number of bacteroids inside symbiosomes varied between host×strain combinations, however, nodules formed by ineffective associations had well developed peribacteroid membranes and abundant bacteroids. Considerable variation was found in N₂-fixing effectiveness of strains isolated from B. pelecinus on the four B. pelecinus genotypes. Strains WSM1271, WSM1284 and WSM1497 nodulated Astragalus membranaceus, only strains WSM1284 and WSM1497 nodulated Astragalus adsurgens. Strain WSM1284 also nodulated Dorycnium rectum, Dorycnium hirsutum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Leucaena leucocephala, Lotus edulis, Lotus glaber, Lotus maroccanus, Lotus ornithopodioides, Lotus pedunculatus, Lotus peregrinus, Lotus subbiflorus and Ornithopus sativus. The four strains from B. pelecinus did not nodulate Amorpha fruticosa, Astragalus sinicus, Cicer arietinum, Hedysarum spinosissimum, Lotus parviflorus, Macroptilium atropurpureum or Trifolium lupinaster. M. loti strain SU343 nodulated all four genotypes of B. pelecinus. However, M. loti strain CC829 only nodulated B. pelecinus genotypes 93ITA33 and IFBI1 and the nodules were ineffective. The root nodule isolates from H. spinosissimum (E13 and H4) nodulated B. pelecinus cv. Casbah whereas the commercial inoculant strain for Cicer (CC1192) could not nodulate any genotype of B. pelecinus. These results indicate that strains WSM1271, WSM1283 and WSM1497 isolated originally from B. pelecinus have a specific host range while strain WSM1284 is promiscuous in its capacity to nodulate with a broad range of related species. As B. pelecinus can be nodulated by Mesorhizobium spp. from other agricultural legumes, particularly Lotus, there is an opportunity to utilise this trait in cultivar development.     

Host-rhizobia interaction for effective inoculation: evaluation of the potential use of the ureide assay to monitor the symbiotic performance of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray)

Domesticated and wild-type tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) were grown with or without inoculation with rhizobia in pots under bacteriologically controlled conditions in a temperature-controlled glasshouse. Seeds were inoculated with a mixture of seven strains isolated from nodules collected from domesticated field-grown tepary bean in Arizona, USA, or with a commercial inoculant strain for Phaseolus vulgaris (CC511). Different degrees of plant reliance upon N₂ fixation for growth were generated by supplying the inoculated plants throughout growth with nutrients containing a range of concentrations of ¹⁵N-labeled NO₃ (0, 1, 2, 5 or 10 mM). An uninoculated treatment that received 10 mM ¹⁵N-labeled NO₃ was included to provide data for plants solely dependent upon NO₃ for growth. Six weeks after sowing, shoots were harvested for dry matter determination and subsequent ¹⁵N analysis, root-bleeding xylem sap was collected, and nodulation assessed. With regard to shoot biomass production, domesticated lines were more responsive to inoculation, but less responsive to applied N than wild types. All inoculated plants were nodulated, but the field isolates from tepary bean were more effective in N₂ fixation than strain CC511. It was concluded that tepary bean requires a specific inoculant to benefit from fixation of atmospheric N₂. Xylem sap samples were analysed for ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid), amino acid content (α-amino-N), and NO₃ concentration. The amount of ureide-N present in xylem sap was expressed as a percentage of total solute N, described as the relative abundance of ureide-N (RUN), for each N treatment and was compared to the proportion of plant N derived from N₂ fixation (%Ndfa) calculated using a ¹⁵N dilution technique. The RUN values ranged from 8% for saps collected from uninoculated plants provided with 10 mM NO₃ in the nutrient solution (%Ndfa=0) to 86-91% for nodulated plants grown in the absence of externally supplied NO₃ (%Ndfa=100). These data indicated that ureides were the principal product of N₂ fixation exported from the nodules to the shoot in xylem sap. Since RUN values were closely related to %Ndfa, it was proposed that N-solute analysis of xylem sap could provide a valuable analytical tool to monitor the symbiotic performance of tepary bean.