不同灌水方式对烤烟光合作用的影响

在烤烟生长季节设逐沟灌(对照)、交替隔沟灌、微喷灌、摇臂式喷灌、滴灌五种灌水方式,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用仪研究了不同灌水方式对烤烟光合作用的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,各处理不同程度地提高烤烟大田现蕾期以前的光合能力,降低蒸腾速率,提高叶片水分利用效率。特别是,摇臂式喷灌使烤烟的光合速率(Pn)提高了7.05%~24.97%、蒸腾速率(Tr)减少了5.10%~38.74%、WUE提高了16.48%~83.01%,滴灌使烤烟的Pn提高了6.23%~22.71%、Tr减少了7.65%~39.92%、WUE提高了34.55%~78.15%,而且使烟田供肥特性和烟株光合生理与烤烟的生长发育规律相吻合,利于烤烟及时落黄,是烟田最优的灌溉方式,而交替隔沟灌和微喷灌可以用作烟田前期灌溉。     

Use of saline aquaculture wastewater to irrigate salt-tolerant Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower in semiarid coastal zones of China

In 2004 and 2005, the feasibility of agricultural use of saline aquaculture wastewater for irrigation of Jerusalem artichoke and sunflower was conducted in the Laizhou region using saline aquaculture wastewater mixed with brackish groundwater at different ratios. Six treatments with different electrical conductivities (EC) were included in the experiment: CK1 (rainfed), CK2 (irrigation with freshwater, EC of 0.02 dS m⁻¹), and saline aquaculture wastewater (EC of 39.2 dS m⁻¹) mixed with brackish groundwater (EC of 4.4 dS m⁻¹) at volumetric ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 with corresponding EC of 22.0, 16.1, 13.2, and 11.4 dS m⁻¹. Soil electrical conductivity (ECe) in the saline aquaculture wastewater irrigation treatments was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that in the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments, and the maximum value occurred in the 22.0 dS m⁻¹ treatment. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 4.1 to 11.7 mmol^1/2 L^−1/2 and increased with decreasing salinity of irrigation water. The biomass of Jerusalem artichoke significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) when irrigated with saline aquaculture wastewater compared to the rainfed or freshwater irrigation treatments; however, the effect of salinity on root biomass was much smaller than the aerial parts. Concomitantly, the highest tuber yield of Jerusalem artichoke occurred in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment, while the highest seed yield of sunflower occurred in the rainfed treatment. Additionally, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of Jerusalem artichoke were significantly higher in the 11.4 dS m⁻¹ treatment than the other treatments. This study demonstrated that properly diluted saline aquaculture wastewater can be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher economic yield and nutrient removal, but not sunflower due to the difference in salt tolerance.     

宁夏扬黄灌区春小麦土壤水分蒸散规律试验研究

利用 3年田间试验得到的实测资料 ,初步总结出宁夏扬黄灌区春小麦蒸散规律 ,并利用回归分析方法分别求出了潜在蒸散量、叶面指数与实际蒸散量之间的函数关系 ,为进一步研究本灌区的节水灌溉制度与灌水方法提供了基本依据     

Adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies and its impact on land productivity: Evidence from Rwanda

In an attempt to identify solutions to the effects of erratic rainfall patterns and droughts that limit agricultural production growth, the Rwandan government has recently increased investments in irrigation development. In this study, we analyze the adoption of small-scale irrigation technologies (SSITs) and its impact on land productivity using cross-sectional data from a sample of 360 farmers in Rwanda. The study uses the propensity score matching technique to address potential self-selection bias. Our results reveal that adoption decisions are significantly influenced by factors such as education, farm size, group membership, gender, extension services, access to credit, access to weather forecast information, risk perceptions, access to a reliable source of water for irrigation, awareness of rainwater harvesting techniques, and awareness of subsidy programs. In addition, the results show that the adoption of SSITs has a significantly positive impact on land productivity. The study concludes with policy implications that highlight the need to promote the adoption of SSITs among farmers as a strategy to improve agricultural productivity and food security in Rwanda.     

膜下滴灌棉花植株耗水率与土壤水分的关系

膜下滴灌技术不仅可减少地面水分蒸发 ,还可以避免深层渗漏。为了合理地确定膜下滴灌技术体系 ,以水量平衡原理为基础 ,对轻壤土、中壤土和重壤土进行不同土壤含水率处理 ,试验得出了棉花生育期植株耗水规律 ,以及棉花成铃数与生育期耗水量的对应关系。在不产生深层渗漏的条件下 ,土壤含水率越高 ,棉株耗水越大 ,但成铃数的增加有限。另外 ,观察到膜下滴灌棉花的根系主要吸水层在 60 cm土层深度以内     

夏玉米产量与水分关系及其高效用水灌溉制度

依据灌溉试验资料,研究了水分胁迫对夏玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响,建立了产量与水分关系的数学模型,分析给出了大田夏玉米的高效用水灌溉定额,并用动态规划技术优化得出了夏玉米的最优灌水时间和每次的灌水定额。结果表明,各生育时段的水分胁迫对夏玉米的生育和产量均会造成不利影响,其中尤以抽雄～吐丝期前后４０天左右缺水对产量影响最大,其次为拔节期缺水;在１９９７年夏玉米生育期降雨量只有１３７ｍｍ的条件下,得出其最优灌溉定额为１９６６．０８ｍ３／ｈｍ２,３次灌水时间分别为７月４日、７月２８日和８月１６日。     

三江平原井灌水稻区地下水人工补给方法初探

针对三江平原井灌区地下水位逐渐下降、急需恢复的现状,结合国内外地下水人工补给实践,对三江平原井灌区地下水人工补给方法进行了探讨,提出了今后地下水人工补给实践的初步设想,为该区域地下水资源的可持续利用提供了参考依据.     

基于RAGA的PPC模型在黑土区玉米调亏灌溉评价中的应用

调亏灌溉作为一种行之有效的节水灌溉方式,对黑土区农业水资源的可持续高效利用具有重要意义。而调亏灌溉方案的优劣取决于它的综合效果,难以直观评价。以2013年在黑龙江省红星农场进行的玉米调亏灌溉技术效应的试验研究为基础,选取了8个评价指标,采用投影寻踪分类模型(PPC),利用基于实数编码的加速遗传算法(RAGA)优化其投影方向,根据投影函数值得到各评价指标对综合评价的贡献大小对不同调亏处理的各项指标进行排序。结果表明:苗期水分调亏程度为田间持水量60%的处理为最佳调亏灌溉方案,产量和水分利用效率比适宜调亏灌溉处理分别提高了2.11%和6.42%。研究结果可为黑土区玉米灌溉管理提供科学依据。     

大田滴灌条件下葡萄生育期土壤水盐的平均分布特征

【目的】研究滴灌条件下土壤水盐的分布特征,为土壤水盐的调控提供参考。【方法】以新疆干旱区葡萄为例,对葡萄生育期土壤水盐含量进行测定,分析其生育期土壤水盐分布特性。【结果】葡萄生育期内,在垂直方向上覆膜处理土壤含水量的最大值出现在距滴头30 cm处,土壤含水量从30 cm处向两边递减;在水平方向距滴头30~60 cm处土壤含盐量最大,土壤盐分质量浓度与土壤含盐量具有相似的变化规律。灌水周期为7.5 d时,红提葡萄生育期内各处土壤均处于干旱状态。【结论】在综合调控土壤水盐分布特征时,必须考虑滴灌技术参数对土壤水盐分布的影响。     

地下滴灌土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型及验证

以非饱和土壤水运动理论和多孔介质中溶质运移的对流－弥散理论为基础，建立了地下滴灌条件下描述地埋点源土壤水运动和溶质运移的数学模型。模型中对滴头边界进行了简化，并对其可行性进行了检验。模拟计算结果得到室内试验资料验证。该模型可用来描述地下滴灌土壤水、肥运动和分布规律，以便为地下滴灌系统的合理设计提供理论依据。