Breeding and post-breeding responses of woodland birds to modification of habitat structure by deer

Birds in woodland can be affected by increasing deer populations through changes to vegetation structure and potential impacts on foraging resources; these effects need to be better understood. Effects of deer browsing are reported from a replicated split-plot exclusion experiment in English coppiced woodland. All stages of growth were examined up to eight years after felling. We used standardised mist-netting (totaling 1920 h) to sample birds in breeding and post-breeding periods. Deer browsing strongly altered vegetation structure by reducing canopy cover and shrub layer foliage density. However deer did not affect invertebrate density per unit of foliage, providing no evidence of an ungulate-mediated plant chemical response affecting forage quality for invertebrate herbivores. At avian guild level, significantly more ground and understorey foraging birds were captured where deer were excluded, and negative responses to browsing were more marked for pooled migrants than pooled residents. At the species level, especially pronounced negative effects were evident for dunnock (Prunella modularis) and garden warbler (Sylvia borin); approximately five times more dunnocks were captured in deer exclosures than in browsed vegetation. We also detected negative responses to browsing by nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus). No significant positive responses to browsing were detected. For some species the use of young re-growth increased post breeding relative to the breeding period, including a marked shift by pooled residents that involved a disproportionate number of juveniles. Previous studies in North America have shown that, through vegetation modification, ungulate activity can alter woodland bird assemblages; as far as we are aware this is the first experimental demonstration of effects in Europe, and at low to moderate browsing intensity typical of the wider landscape scale.     

夏玉米高产群体生理动态质量指标的研究

利用杂交种掖单２２号，研究了夏玉米高产群体生理质量指标。结果表明，在适宜的叶面积指数范围内，延长灌浆期叶片的功能期，尤其是吐丝３０ｄ以后的绿叶面积时间，是高产的根本保证；在提高干物质积累量的基础上，努力增加花后、尤其是吐丝后１０～３０ｄ干物质积累量是实现高产的核心；最大伤流量与产量呈曲线关系，群体最大伤流量必须确保在适宜范围内。     

Effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yields under monsoonal climatic conditions

Fresh water shortages are severally restricting sustainable agriculture development in the North China Plain. The scarcity of fresh water has forced farmers to use brackish water from shallow underground sources, which helps to overcome drought and increase crop yields but also increases the risk of soil salinization. To identify safe and effective ways of using brackish water in this region, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield in a winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system. The experiment was in a split-plot design. Six rates of straw mulching (0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) were assigned to the main plots and two irrigation water qualities (i.e. brackish water with salt content of 3.0-5.0 g/L and fresh water with only 1.27 g salt/L) were applied to subplots. The brackish water irrigation significantly increased the salt content at different soil depths in the upper 1 m soil layer during the two growing seasons. Straw mulching affected the vertical distribution of salt in the brackish water irrigation plots and the average salt content of straw mulch treatments (4.5, 6.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 Mg/ha) within the 0-20, 20-40 and 0-100 cm soil depths was 10.2, 14.0 and 1.8% lower than that without straw mulch (A₀). No salt accumulation occurred to a depth of 1 m in the brackish water irrigation plots and there was no correlation between the value of SAS (salt accumulated in 1 m of soil) and straw mulch rate. In 2000 and 2001, the salt content within the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots increased due to high evaporation rates during April-June, and then decreased up to September as salts were leached by rain. For the fresh water irrigation plots, the salt content remained relatively stable. Straw mulching affected the salt content in the 0-40 cm soil layer in brackish water irrigation plots in different periods of 2000 and 2001, but no correlation between salt content and straw mulch rates was observed except in September of 2000. Unlike for wheat, the yield of maize increased as the straw mulch rate increased according to the equation, y = 0.1589x + 5.3432 (R² = 0.6506). Our results would be helpful in adopting brackish water irrigation and straw mulching in ways that enhance crop yields and reduce the risk of soil salinization. However, long-term effects of brackish water irrigation and straw mulching on soil salinity and crop yield need to be further evaluated for sustainability of the system.     

夏玉米水分胁迫与反冲机制及其应用

通过定点试验研究了不同生育期水分胁迫对夏玉米生理生态过程的影响。结果表明,不同生育期 水分胁迫对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的敏感因子不同。土壤水分胁迫首先作用于作物叶片,叶水势下降后,叶片生长、光合作用及光合产物的运输均随之下降。适度水分胁迫可诱发反冲机制,秸秆覆盖可缓解水分胁迫并对反冲机制有增益作用。反冲机制对旱作农业、农业节水有广泛指导意义。     

The buffer effect of non-breeding birds and the timing of farmland bird declines

Breeding territoriality in birds means that a certain proportion of the adult population may breed in suboptimal habitats or not breed at all. Non-breeding birds, or floaters, can have a `buffer effect' on breeding population size. Farmland bird declines in Britain are measured and analysed in terms of numbers of territory-holding birds. We use a population dynamics model to illustrate how, because of the buffer effect of floaters, there can be a time lag between the start of total population decline and detectable breeding population decline. Differences in the timing of declines of closely related farmland birds could therefore be due to slight differences in their population dynamics, rather than differences in their response to agricultural change.     

夏玉米叶片光谱吸收率初探

对不同株型、不同发育期、不同部位的夏玉米叶片光谱吸收率及冠层中的光谱分布状况作了初步分析,发现各绿色叶片对各波段光的吸收率随波长的变化趋势基本相同,但对不同叶龄、不同部位的叶片,不同品种同一部位的叶片而言,在吸收率的高低上有差异。     

控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性的影响

采用旱棚盆栽试验,以郑单958为材料设置3个水分水平(正常水分W3、轻度水分胁迫W2、重度水分胁迫W1)和高氮N3(施纯氮315 kg hm–2)、中氮N2(施纯氮210 kg hm–2)、低氮N1(施纯氮105 kg hm–2)、不施氮N0四个控释尿素施氮水平,探讨控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性的影响。结果表明,控释尿素水氮耦合对夏玉米产量和光合特性具有显著影响。相同水分条件下,夏玉米产量随施氮量增加而增加,W1条件下增产13.17%~20.96%,W2条件下增产13.93%~32.48%,W3条件下增产14.37%~21.83%。相同施氮水平下,产量也随水分增加而增加,W2N3、W3N2和W3N3的产量在所有处理中较高。水氮耦合对夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率的影响显著,W1条件下N3、N2和N1处理间差异不显著,均显著高于N0,W2、W3各施氮处理的净光合速率随施氮量增加而增加,W3各处理的平均净光合速率高于其他2个水分处理,W2N3比W3N3和W3N2前期略低,后期无显著差异。水氮耦合效应能有效减缓穗位叶的实际光化学效率ΦPSII、叶片光化学猝灭系数qP以及PSII反应中心的最大光能转换效率的下降速率,提高光能利用率。控释尿素水氮耦合能有效提高夏玉米花后穗位叶净光合速率,保证籽粒对营养物质的需求,提高穗位叶实际和最大光化学效率,从而提高夏玉米的产量,产量构成因素中增加千粒重和穗粒数的优势较大。综合产量与光合特性、荧光特性的表现,在田间持水量为75%±5%的土壤条件下,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮210 kg hm–2为最佳;在田间持水量为55%±5%的土壤条件下,控释尿素施氮量以纯氮315 kg hm–2为宜。     

不同植物生长调节剂在‘夏黑’葡萄上的应用研究

以4年生避雨栽培的‘夏黑’葡萄为试材,研究不同植物生长调节剂配方和浓度对其果实品质的影响。结果表明：3种植物生长调节剂都能促进葡萄果实的膨大,而CPPU和TDZ对果实单粒重和纵横径的增大效果明显好于GA₃。此外,使用生长调节剂处理后的果实可溶性固形物含量均显著降低。相较于GA₃,CPPU和TDZ处理对果实可溶性固形物含量的影响更大。综合来看,‘夏黑’葡萄比较适宜在生产上采取2次GA₃处理模式,建议在盛花末期施用25 mg/L GA₃,10天后施用50 mg/L GA₃进行蘸穗处理。     

不同种植密度和品种对夏玉米物质生产和产量构成的影响

以郑单309、郑单326、郑单958和中玉303等玉米品种为研究对象,在7个种植密度（6.00×10⁴、6.75×10⁴、7.50×10⁴、8.25×10⁴、9.00×10⁴、9.75×10⁴和10.50×10⁴株/hm²）条件下进行田间试验,研究不同种植密度和品种对夏玉米生育期内群体物质累积量和产量构成的影响。结果表明,高密度下株高和穗位高表现出明显优势,中玉303和郑单958的株高和穗位高表现相对较高。随生育期推进,植株群体干物质量显著增加,花前、花后和成熟期干物质量均随密度增加而显著增加,成熟期中玉303和郑单958的干物质量较郑单326和郑单309平均提高16.1%,花后干物质量占成熟期的比重以6.00×10⁴株/hm²密度处理下最高,为58.68%,以郑单958最高。随密度增加,成熟期千粒重显著下降,产量明显提高,10.50×10⁴株/hm²密度处理最高,为14.49t/hm²,中玉303产量最高,较郑单309和郑单326平均增加16.3%。由此可见,在本试验条件下,选用中玉303,以10.50×10⁴株/hm²密度种植,可提高玉米植株花后物质生产量,促进花后物质分配,实现夏玉米高产。     

燕窝蛋白质样品制备方法的比较及其双向电泳分析

燕窝水提及丙酮沉淀蛋白质经液相等电聚焦电泳纯化后,再经双向电泳分离获得了质量较佳的2-DE图谱,由此可见液相等电聚焦电泳是对燕窝蛋白质进行纯化的有效手段。对纯化后的2个白燕窝和1个血燕窝水提及丙酮沉淀蛋白质进行了双向电泳分析,结果显示两种方法制备蛋白质获得的2-DE图谱非常相似。燕窝水提蛋白质经丙酮沉淀制备样品时间较透析、冻干所需的时间短,这对于成分更为复杂且蛋白质提取率较低的血燕窝则更为适用。