野生和人工饲养鳄蜥夏季行为时间分配及节律差异

为了探析人工饲养是否会导致鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)行为时间分配及活动节律发生变化,2019年7月在广西大桂山国家级自然保护区,通过布置监控摄像头对22只野生鳄蜥和44只人工繁育鳄蜥进行监控,记录2种环境中被观察个体在每个时段(1 h)内每种行为的占用时长,并对数据进行整理分析。结果显示:夏季行为时间分配方面,野生鳄蜥种群的移动、捕食及晒太阳行为时间占比极显著高于人工饲养个体(P<0.01);2种环境中鳄蜥的静栖和隐蔽行为时间占比无显著差异(P>0.05)。夏季行为节律方面,当气温较高时(13:00—16:00),人工饲养个体静栖行为占比为73.04%～82.82%,而野生个体多选择隐蔽(行为占比56.82%～62.88%);野生个体移动行为占比有2个明显的高峰,分别位于07:00(5.42%)和18:00(6.02%),而人工饲养个体移动行为占比仅有1个明显高峰,位于19:00(2.34%);野生个体捕食行为有3个高峰,分别位于07:00(2.35%)、11:00(1.70%)及17:00(0.98%),而人工饲养个体几乎没有出现捕食行为(全...     

Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties

Summary In Hungary the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is the most frequent aphid species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Estimations of infestation by R. padi as well as measurements of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass were carried out in 26 winter wheat genotypes in conditions of naturally infested and not infested (protected) control plots. The experiment was performed in isolated conditions in two field cages covered by nets. The aphids overwintered on wheat and got into cage, extremely quickly multiplied, therefore there was no need to apply any artificial aphid infestation. Highly significant differences were demonstrated among genotypes in infestation severity of R. padi as well as in losses of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass. The most resistant variety GK Zombor had 25% infestation, and the most susceptible one GK Lili had 79.2%. The reduction of grain yield of the most tolerant genotypes (GK Korány, Downy, Mv 4, Jubilejnaja 50, Mv 8, GK Kincsö and GK Zombor) was 26–33%, and that of thousand-kernel mass was 23–30%. The most sensitive genotypes (GK Lili, GK Örzse, GK Koppány and Mv 13) suffered 58–63% losses in yield, and 40–50% in thousand-kernel mass. A close correlation was found between infestation of R. padi in different wheat genotypes and losses of grain yield (r=0.7572, P<0.001). Also there were tolerance differences among genotypes even within the same level of infestation. The reductions of thousand-kernel mass correlated very closely with the reductions of grain yield (r=0.9212, P<0.001), that makes screening possible by reductions of thousand-kernel mass. These results have found application in breeding. The leaf pubescence of the varieties studied did not generally influence the infestation by R. padi.     

迎茬夏大豆荚而不实发生规律及预防措施

在黄淮平原一年两熟的耕作制度下,夏大豆迎茬1~4年,单株空荚发生率增加8.8~35.3个百分点;大豆减产12.1%~44.9%;迎茬年限与单株空荚发生率呈极显著正相关,r＝0.9895※※;单株空荚发生率与产量呈极显著负相关,r＝-0.9945**。夏大豆迎茬每增加1年,单株空荚发生率约增加8.8%;单株空荚率每增加1%,大豆约减产43.6kg/hm2。迎茬造成大豆荚而不实和减产的生理生态效应为：株高降低,有效分枝、单株荚数及粒重减少,百粒重降低;土壤微生物区系发生不良变化,根腐病、霜霉病及灰斑病等真菌性病害发生程度加重;土壤速效性磷、钾、硼等大量、微量营养元素含量明显亏缺;根系生长受阻,根系活力下降。预防迎茬大豆荚而不实的措施有：合理轮作倒茬;选用耐迎茬商豆1099等优良大豆品种;氮磷钾硼肥平衡施用;应用植物生长调节剂;防治病虫害等     

Degradation Studies of the Non-lethal Bird Repellent,Methyl Anthranilate

Methyl anthranilate (MA), a food grade flavor and fragrance additive, has been reported to be an effective non-lethal bird repellent in a variety of situations. Despite the experimental success of MA, field studies have yielded widely differing levels of efficacy. Diminished efficacy in some field trials probably results from the failure of specific formulations to retain or protect the active ingredient under natural conditions. Therefore, a clearer understanding of the physical and chemical factors affecting the stability of MA is needed. We undertook a series of laboratory studies on hydrolysis, photolysis and microbial degradation of MA, the results of which could be useful in the development of appropriate formulation strategies and residue analyses. We found the n-octanol:water partition coefficient, (P) to be 84. MA is not subject to hydrolysis at 25°C in phosphate buffer media at pH 5·0, 7·0 and 9·0. MA slowly photodegrades under simulated UV ‘sunlight’. Forty-four percent of MA is lost after 432 h illuminance at 1·25 mW cm⁻², which is equivalent to approximately 1200 h natural sunlight (40°N, noontime, June). Kinetic data indicate that the initial step of photolysis, subsequent to excitation, is a second-order reaction with respect to MA. A major photodegradation product appeared in an amount of about 10% of the mass balance and was determined to be an oxidized trimer of MA. MA is primarily affected by aerobic microbial degradation. For a 12:12 h light:dark, under laboratory illumination, 12% of water-solubilized material can be lost in the first seven days. Losses were 30% and 42% at 16 and 27 days, respectively. Under conditions of optimal bacterial growth (warmth and darkness) loss of MA was 22% at nine days and 100% by 20 days. The susceptibility of MA to microbial degradation is promising for the prospects of developing formulated, environmentally safe, bird repellents.     

Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds

We evaluated support for four alternate hypotheses explaining the distribution of breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in forests at varying distances from the forest edge in three Midwestern USA landscapes with varying amounts of forest fragmentation (core forest area ranged from 5 to 70%). We focused on breeding cowbirds’ use of forest because of the risk of nest parasitism to forest-dwelling hosts and to identify factors affecting breeding cowbird habitat selection. We compared distances of cowbird locations in the forest from the forest edge (“edge distances”) to distances of random forest locations in the entire landscape or within individual cowbird home ranges. We analyzed 1322 locations of 84 cowbirds across three landscapes. We found support for the landscape context hypothesis that breeding cowbird preference for forest edge varied with landscape context. Ninety percent of cowbird locations were within 150–350 m of forest edge, despite the overall availability of forest at greater distances from edge (as far as 500–1450 m) both within cowbird home ranges and the entire forested landscape. Cowbird preference for edge varied by landscape context largely due to differences in the availability of forest edge. In a highly fragmented forest cowbirds utilized the entire forest and likely viewed it as “all edge.” In less fragmented forests, cowbirds preferred edge. We consider how variation in cowbird edge preference might relate to patterns in host abundance, host diversity, and host quality because cowbird movements indicate they are capable of using forest farther from edges.     

干旱胁迫条件下夏大豆荚而不实发生机理研究

在人工模拟旱境条件下,大豆各生育时期空秕荚率都有所增加,产量显著降低,其中以结荚至鼓粒期最为严重。干旱胁迫可使植株水势下降,光合作用减弱、有益酶类活性降低,根系发育及养分吸收受阻,严重抑制植株生长发育。     

中国黄淮和南方夏大豆（Glycine max L.）SSR标记的遗传多样性及分化研究

以黄淮和南方两种类型共288份夏大豆为实验材料,用60个SSR位点进行多个遗传多样性指标的分析,旨在明确黄淮夏大豆（HHS）和南方夏大豆（SS）品种资源的遗传分化,为夏大豆品种资源的利用提供依据。结果表明,在夏大豆中共检测到808个等位变异,每个SSR位点等位变异变化于2～38个,平均13.47个,其中HHS的等位变异数（725个     

密度和空间布局种植方式对夏玉米穗位叶光合生理性状的影响

为探明夏玉米适宜种植方式的光合生理机制,采用裂区试验设计研究了种植密度(9.3万,8.1万,6.9万,5.7万株/hm~2)、空间布局(等行距1穴1株,等行距1穴3株和宽窄行1穴3株)以及它们的交互作用对夏玉米郑单958开花后不同生育时期(开花期、抽丝期、灌浆前期、灌浆后期和完熟期)净光合速率及其相关性状的影响。结果表明:宽窄行1穴3株能显著降低夏玉米开花期和完熟期穗位叶净光合速率,而8.1万株/hm~2密度下的净光合速率不受空间布局的影响;等行距1穴1株空间布局下,种植密度不会显著影响穗位叶净光合速率。种植密度、空间布局以及它们交互作用对类胡萝卜素含量影响显著。等行距1穴3株空间布局下,9.3万株/hm~2种植密度显著降低前3个观测时期类胡萝卜素含量,而6.9万株/hm~2在宽窄行1穴3株以及5.7万株/hm~2在等行距1穴1株空间布局下显著降低完熟期类胡萝卜素含量。种植密度、空间布局及其交互作用均对PSⅡ最大光化学效率无显著影响。综上可知,8.1万株/hm~2种植密度不受空间布局的显著影响,而等行距1穴1株空间布局不受种植密度的显著影响,均能保证夏玉米郑单958植株的净光合作用及其相关指标维持在较高水平。结果也为从光合物质基础和光合水分生理基础方面(色素含量、荧光特性、净光合速率和蒸腾速率)解释种植方式-光合产物源-产量库之间的关系提供了理论数据。     

夏玉米杂交种登海3719根系分布与竞争力

在大田箱式土柱栽培条件下, 比较了高产玉米品种登海3719和金海5号的根系特征, 并以混播时地上部生物产量变化为依据, 分析了根系特征与竞争能力的关系。结果表明, 在氮肥供应充足条件下, 登海3719单株根系生物量低于金海5号, 根冠比无明显差异, 其0~20 cm根系分配比率大、活力高, 在与金海5号根系竞争中地上部氮素积累量增加6%、生物量提高8%。不施氮时, 登海3719的根冠比增加4%, 金海5号增加21%, 登海3719的根冠比、0~20 cm根系分配比率及活力均低于金海5号, 在根系竞争中氮素积累量减少8%, 生物量下降2%。与金海5号相比, 登海3719在氮素供应不足时, 根系竞争力弱, 适应低氮条件的能力较差, 但在氮肥充足条件下表现吸氮能力高, 竞争力强。