选矿药剂对矿区水体COD的影响研究

矿山选矿药荆的使用已经引起了严重的水体和环境污染。采取有效的技术手段实现矿山水质净化和回用,是高效利用水资源,实现矿区的可持续发展的必由之路。丈中对矿山浮选药剂的水体污染作用进行了阐述,并对各种浮选药荆对水体化学需氧量（COD）的贡献进行了试验研究,为矿区水资源保护和可持续发展提出了途径和方法。     

漆树木粉醇提物中多酚化合物的分离及结构表征

采用硅胶柱层析、中低压色谱和制备高效液相色谱协同活性跟踪方法,对漆树木粉醇提取物乙酸乙酯部位的具有抑制酪氨酸酶活性的化合物进行分离,并用红外、质谱和核磁等色谱分析手段对化合物的结构进行表征。从漆树木粉提取物乙酸乙酯部位分离得到7种多酚化合物,分别为没食子酸(1)、黄颜木素(2)、漆黄素(3)、硫黄菊素(4)、3,4',7-三羟基二氢黄酮醇(5)、槲皮素(6)和紫铆花素(7)。各化合物抑制酪氨酸酶活性(半数抑制质量浓度,IC_(50))由强到弱顺序:硫黄菊素(3.74 mg/L)、紫铆花素(4.32 mg/L)、槲皮素(18.73 mg/L)、漆黄素(69.4 mg/L)、没食子酸(89.5 mg/L)、黄颜木素(100 mg/L)和3,4',7-三羟基二氢黄酮醇(164.07 mg/L)。     

乙酰甘草次酸甲酯的合成与表征

以甘草酸为原料,以杂多酸作为催化剂,采用水热法合成了乙酰甘草次酸甲酯;采用元素分析、薄层层析、质谱和红外光谱等方法表征了所合成的产物。     

十二烷基伯胺乙酸盐盐析法在柑桔皮果胶提取中的应用

[目的]筛选出最佳的果胶提取工艺。[方法]以十二烷基伯胺的乙酸盐溶液作为果胶的沉降剂,提取柑桔皮果胶。[结果]在pH3.5,温度50℃的稀果胶萃取液中加入十二烷基伯胺乙酸盐溶液,可与带负电荷果胶形成不溶于水的果胶十二胺盐复合物,完全沉降析出,再经过酸解和乙醇洗涤步骤,得到灰分低于1%的果胶,产率高达16.8%。[结论]十二烷基伯胺乙酸盐盐析法提取工艺可以用于高效率制备优质果胶,为利用废弃物开发生物大分子多糖-果胶开辟了新的途径。     

Carbon and Nitrogen Amendments Lead to Differential Growth of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in a High-pH Soil

Microbial growth in soil is mostly limited by lack of carbon (C). However, adding fresh, C-rich litter can induce nitrogen (N) limitation. We studied the effect of alleviating C and N limitation in high-pH (> 8) soils, soils expected to favor bacterial over fungal growth. Nitrogen limitation was induced by incubating soils amended with C-rich substrate (starch or straw) for 4 weeks. Limiting nutrients and the effects of alleviating limitation were then studied by adding C (as glucose) or N (as NH₄NO₃) and measuring microbial growth and respiration after 4 d. In non-amended, C-limited soils, adding C but not N increased both microbial respiration and bacterial growth. In N-limited, substrate-amended soils, adding C increased respiration, whereas adding N increased both microbial respiration and growth. Inducing N limitation by amending with straw was most easily detected in increased fungal growth after the addition of N, whereas with starch, only bacterial growth responded to alleviating N limitation. Compared to earlier results using a low-pH soil, the effect of substrate used to induce N limitation was more important than pH for inducing bacterial or fungal growth after alleviating N limitation. Furthermore, we found no evidence that alleviating N limitation resulted in decreased respiration concomitant with increased microbial growth in soil, suggesting no drastic changes in C use efficiency.     

苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑制及机理研究

通过测定苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑菌活性、菌液的OD600nm值、电导率、蛋白质含量、保护酶和呼吸代谢途径酶活性,探索苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物对柑橘溃疡病菌的室内平板抑菌圈直径在15 mm以上,最低抑菌质量浓度MIC为3.68 mg/m L;苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物不仅延迟了病原菌进入对数生长期的时间,而且使其电导率增加了15%;苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物对过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)的酶活力的抑制率分别为78.43%、68.63%、63.14%、68.00%。扫描电镜观察发现,苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物使柑橘溃疡病菌的菌体细胞膜遭受损伤,菌体发生裂解;透射电镜观察发现,苋菜乙酸乙酯提取物使柑橘溃疡病菌的细胞壁和细胞膜结构受损,胞内空白面积增大,细胞质外泄,菌体裂解。     

爱格丽干白葡萄酒发酵过程中典型乙酸酯的生成动力学

为建立干白葡萄酒中重要乙酸酯的生成动力学模型,以爱格丽葡萄为原料,接种酿酒酵母,按常规工艺酿造干白葡萄酒。发酵过程中监测乙醇和乙酸含量变化,并定时取样进行目标香气物质(异戊醇、苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯和乙酸苯乙酯)的SPME-GC-MS分析,建立目标香气物质的香气活性值变化曲线,同时从经典化学反应动力学角度构建目标香气物质的生成动力学模型。研究结果表明,乙酸异戊酯在发酵过程中表现出香气活性,乙酸苯乙酯仅在最大检出量时表现香气活性,乙酸乙酯检出量一直低于嗅觉阈值。目标香气物质从开始生成至达到最大生成量的含量变化均符合零级动力学模型(R20.95,P0.001)。模型揭示出,乙酸乙酯的生成与乙醇和乙酸具有同时性,乙酸异戊酯和乙酸苯乙酯的生成分别相对于异戊醇和苯乙醇有延滞效应。结合零级动力学模型特征,为增强葡萄酒的花香和果香特征,可尝试在爱格丽葡萄汁发酵旺盛的香气物质半生成期,调控促进乙酸乙酯和乙酸苯乙酯生成。     

Influence of dietary fat source and supplementary α‐tocopheryl acetate on pulmonary hypertension and lipid peroxidation in broilers

An experiment was conducted to examine pulmonary hypertension and lipid peroxidation of broilers as affected by dietary fat source and α‐tocopheryl acetate. Two hundred and forty day‐old male chicks were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments consisted of four replicates and 12 chicks per replicate. Treatments included a control group that received no supplemental fat (treatment 1) or groups that received diets supplemented with beef tallow, soybean oil, a 50:50 blend of beef tallow and soybean oil, or soybean oil plus α‐tocopheryl acetate added at 220 mg/kg (treatments 2 to 5). All diets were kept isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and diet treatments 2 to 5 had 50 g/kg of fat supplement. Results showed that weight gain and feed consumption were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased by adding fat to the diet during the starter stage. However, birds that received fat‐supplemented diets gained less (p ≤ 0.05) during the grower period. Serum malone dialdehyde concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity were not affected by dietary treatments with the exception that inclusion of α‐tocopheryl acetate to the diet supplemented with soybean oil significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the activity of the enzyme when measured at 21 days of age. The relative weights of heart and liver and the right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight ratio were greater in broilers fed fat‐supplemented diets (p < 0.05).     

两种碳源对草鱼养殖水质、藻类和微生物群落的影响

为研究淀粉及其与乙酸钠的复合物(淀粉乙酸钠质量比为19∶1)两种碳源对草鱼养殖水体水质、藻类和微生物群落调控作用的差异,在为期60 d的试验中,每周向养殖水体添加一次碳源,添加量为当日水体氨氮含量的20倍,监测分析水体理化指标、藻类和微生物群落参数。结果显示:(1)试验期内,淀粉组(GS)和淀粉乙酸钠组(GSA)养殖水体氨氮保持在0.25 mg/L左右,总氮、总磷和叶绿素a均逐步升高,而透明度和碳氮比逐步下降,同次样品两试验组间水体理化指标差异不显著。(2)试验期内,GS组和GSA组藻类数量逐步上升,中后期显著高于前期,同次样品两试验组间藻类数量差异不显著,但GSA组藻类种类数和多样性稍高于GS组。(3)GS组微生物活性、碳源利用能力同比略高于GSA组,且微生物群落多样性在试验末期差异显著。结果表明,淀粉碳源中复合少量乙酸钠可改变藻类和微生物结构功能,可作为池塘养殖水体藻类和微生物群落结构功能定向调控碳源。     

Phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic compounds from Thai Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. rhizomes

The management of weeds and diseases that are caused by phytopathogenic fungi is important for preventing the loss of agricultural products. The aim of the present study was to identify phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic agents from the Thai Alpinia galanga rhizome. Extracts of the dried rhizomes of A. galanga (Zingiberaceae) were separated and tested for phytotoxic activity against lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Great Lakes) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Wasefudou) and for antiphytopathogenic activity against Alternaria porri, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora nicotianae. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was identified as one of the main components, together with trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was solvolyzed with 2% EtOH to yield trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether ( 6 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) completely inhibited the root growth of the lettuce seedlings at 50 μg mL^–1, but had a weaker inhibitory effect on the growth of Italian ryegrass. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate also inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae and A. porri, with minimum inhibition concentration values of 15.6 and 31.5 μg mL^–1, respectively. The plant growth‐inhibitory activity and fungal growth‐inhibitory activity of trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether, trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ) were lower than those of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate. A structure–activity relationship suggested that the strong phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic activity of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate relied on the 1′‐acetoxyl group.