贵阳市主要土壤重金属状况研究

通过对2000～2003年贵阳市的白云区、修文县、开阳县、清镇市、息烽县、乌当区、小河区以及花溪区的多个旱地的表土和底土（53个样品）中重金属元素（汞、砷、铅、镉、铬）含量进行检测，以GB／T18407．1—2001《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》为标准，采用单因子指数法及N．L．Nemerow综合指数法进行评价，分析结果表明：贵阳市无公害蔬菜生产基地的大部分土壤中的5种重金属元素的含量基本在GB／T18407．1—2001规定的范围内，但也有个别区域内土样中砷、镉含量达到了警戒线的含量范围，如白云区底土中砷的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7968、乌当区表土中镉的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7542，两者都属于0．7～1．0污染警戒线范围内。总体土壤的表土、底土重金属综合污染指数分别为0．3785、0．4204，小于0．7，污染等级属于安全，污染水平为清洁，土壤环境质量为1级。     

福建省东山湾生态环境中滴滴涕(DDTs)的分布特征及风险评价

 根据2011年春季(5月)和夏季(8月)对东山湾生态环境的调查资料, 初步探讨了东山湾海水、沉积物和养殖贝类体中滴滴涕(DDTs)残留水平、分布趋势和组成特征, 并对东山湾生态环境中DDTs污染状况及其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明: (1)春季(5月)和夏季(8月)东山湾表层海水中DDTs质量浓度范围分别为ND~25.7 ng/L和ND~36.7 ng/L, 平均值分别为(6.08±3.02) ng/L和(16.30±4.78) ng/L; 底层海水中DDTs质量浓度范围分别为ND~30.6 ng/L和ND~36.7ng/L, 平均值分别为(7.75±2.07) ng/L和(13.30±5.12) ng/L, 总体上, 东山湾海水中DDTs浓度分布呈夏季高于春季、近岸高于远岸、由湾内向湾外下降的格局。与国内其他海湾相比, 东山湾海水中DDTs污染处于低水平状态, 但邻近漳江入海口海域的DS03站和DS11站可能有新的污染源输入。(2)东山湾表层沉积物中DDTs含量范围5.56~12.80 μg/kg, 平均值为(9.00±5.34) μg/kg, 总体上呈现由湾内向湾外下降之势, 东山湾表层沉积物中DDTs残留可能对生物产生负效应, 毒性风险为25%~75%。(3)东山湾海域养殖贝类DDTs的残留量在种类间存在一定的差异, 其DDTs含量范围在1.68~26.60 μg/kg, 平均值为15.70 μg/kg, 污染指数范围在0.007~2.660, 均值为1.580, 超标率达到71.4%, 超标倍数最高达1.66倍, 说明东山湾部分贝类受到DDTs的污染。

     

青贮条件对天然牧草青贮饲料饲用品质的影响

【目的】筛选天然牧草最适青贮条件,为天然牧草青贮提供科学依据。【方法】针对影响天然牧草青贮饲用品质的水分、密度、乳酸菌含量和糖分含量4个因素,设计L9(34)正交试验,共形成9种青贮条件,对不同条件下天然牧草青贮饲料的感官品质、酸度及营养成分等进行分析,比较不同条件下天然牧草青贮样品总可消化营养物质(Total digestible nutrients,TDN)的含量。【结果】通过试验对比分析,第5组青贮饲料的感官得分最高,为20分,其pH值为3.99,显著或极显著低于其他各组;TDN占干物质的质量分数为66.87%,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。根据正交试验极差分析结果可知,各因素对天然牧草青贮品质影响大小的顺序为:蔗糖添加量>水分>乳酸菌添加量>密度。【结论】天然牧草在含水量600～650g/kg、密度350～400kg/m3、乳酸菌添加量0.5g/kg和蔗糖添加量15g/kg的条件下青贮,所得青贮饲料的饲用品质较好。     

外源海藻糖对家蚕生长和茧丝品质的影响

[目的]探讨外源海藻糖对家蚕的生长和茧丝品质的影响。[方法]通过对家蚕品种菁松×皓月进行添食试验,研究添加海藻糖对家蚕的生长和茧丝品质的影响。[结果]添加海藻糖后家蚕上蔟更为整齐,茧丝纤度降低,而生存率、体重、4龄结茧率、普茧率、解舒率、粒茧丝长和解舒丝长都增加。综合评价结果表明,添加20 mmol/L海藻糖的家蚕成绩最优。[结论]外源性海藻糖对提高家蚕生长和茧丝品质具有积极作用。     

基于图形处理器的三维表面质量快速评定技术

针对三维表面粗糙度评定中表面测量数据量大且计算复杂度高,常用处理方法不能满足实时测量要求的问题,提出了一种基于图形处理器(GPU)的三维表面形貌测量数据快速评定方法,应用CUDA平台开发了基于GPU的并行处理算法,在此基础上实现了三维表面质量的快速评定。实验结果表明,该方法在保证计算精度的同时,运算效率提高了60倍以上,可满足三维表面质量在线评定的要求。     

The use of ultrasonography in the reproductive evaluation of boars

The objective was to study the use of ultrasound as a complementary test in the breeding soundness evaluation in male pigs and study the pattern of echogenicity of the testicular parenchyma in boars of different racial groups. Twenty‐six adult boars from four different racial groups were used, 10 from the Piau breed (group 1), four from the commercial and finishing group (group 2), six Pietrain breed (group 3) and six from the Duroc breed (group 4). All animals were evaluated for breeding soundness evaluation and the ultrasound examination of the testicles. The groups of animals that were evaluated showed no difference in the main semen parameters that were evaluated, except for the sperm volume, concentration of the ejaculated sperm and the supravital staining; the lowest figures were for the animals from the Piau breed (group 1). In relation to the testicular biometrics, Duroc animals (group 4) had a greater scrotal width compared to the other groups. But when we assessed the intensity of pixels of the testicles, there was a difference between groups. The groups 2 (finishing animals), 3 (Pietrain) and 4 had no difference between themselves. Group 3 had greater pixel intensity in relation to group 1. Of the 26 animals studied, five showed an abnormality during ultrasound evaluation, like hydrocele, hyperechoic mass in the testicular parenchyma, cyst in the head of the epididymis and the presence of fluid in the head and tail of the epididymis. The various animal groups studied did not differ in the principal reproductive parameters evaluated, showing that despite the great variability of reproductive traits between breeds and within the same breed, the breeding soundness evaluation, the more complete it is, is essential for the selection of breeders and the ultrasonography of the reproductive system becomes an important addition in this examination.     

杀虫剂对褐飞虱捕食性天敌黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性评价

 【目的】评估7类14种杀虫剂对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stål）的重要捕食性天敌黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtohinus lividipennis (Reuter)成虫、若虫和卵的安全性。【方法】在室内条件下,用药膜法、稻株喷雾法及稻茎浸渍法测定杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性。【结果】药膜法测定结果表明氟虫腈、噻虫嗪和异丙威3种杀虫剂对成虫不安全（Ⅳ级）,LC50值为0.20～0.74 mg a.i.•L-1;氟硅菊酯、醚菊酯对成虫安全（Ⅰ级）,LC50值＞160.0 mg a.i.•L-1。稻株喷雾法测定结果表明噻嗪酮在药后1d对成虫安全（Ⅰ级）,死亡率为1.7％;在药后4～10 d,丁硫克百威、氟虫腈、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉为较不安全或不安全（Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级）,死亡率为70.0%～100.0%。稻茎浸渍法测定结果表明除噻嗪酮和阿维菌素外,其余供试杀虫剂均对黑肩绿盲蝽若虫不安全（Ⅳ级）。稻株喷雾法测定结果表明醚菊酯、阿维菌素、氟硅菊酯、敌敌畏、噻嗪酮对卵安全（Ⅰ级）,孵化抑制率＜20%,而丁硫克百威对卵较不安全（Ⅲ级）,孵化抑制率为52.24%。【结论】IGR类噻嗪酮对黑肩绿盲蝽各虫态均很安全,其它供试杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性因杀虫剂和虫态的不同而异。     

粗糙集理论在土壤肥力评价指标权重确定中的应用

【目的】土壤肥力是土壤诸多基本特性的综合反映,科学、合理、实用地评价土地肥力将为指导农业生产、土地利用规划和管理提供理论依据。其评价过程是一个无决策属性的多属性决策过程,而解决多属性决策问题的重要前提是各属性权重分配问题。【方法】确定指标权重的方法主要有主观赋权法和客观赋权法,然而,主观赋权法往往需要大量的先验知识,评价结果有一定的主观随意性,而且较少考虑评价指标之间的依赖关系;客观赋权法没有充分考虑到各参评因素对评价的重要度不同,统计数据有相关性也并不意味着两个事件具有因果联系。综合考虑主、客观赋权法各自的优缺点,利用粗糙集理论中知识约简和相对正域理论在消除冗余信息和处理不确定性信息等方面的优势,探究土壤肥力评价过程中一种主观和客观相结合的权重确定方法,并利用作物产量对评价结果进行验证。【结果】粗糙集理论在土壤肥力评价中的具体赋权思路包括：数据的离散化、土壤肥力综合等级的初步确定、属性值约简、等价类划分、属性重要度的计算和指标权重计算等步骤。以北京大兴区农田土壤样点的肥力评价对上述赋权思路进行实例分析,对比传统特尔斐法和粗糙集理论赋权结果发现,特尔斐法确定的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾等指标的权重分别为0.300、0.250、0.250和0.200,利用其评价得到的土壤综合肥力指数（IFI）与产量显著线性相关,R2为0.77,均方根误差（RMSE）为1.25;而粗糙集理论确定的土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾等指标的权重依次为0.455、0.111、0.111和0.333,利用其评价得到的IFI与产量也显著线性相关,R2达0.83,RMSE为1.09,精度均较特尔斐法有了提高,其中RMSE相对精度提高值达12.80%。【结论】粗糙集理论在土壤肥力评价中的具体赋权思路基本是可行的,且相对于特尔斐法其确定出各指标权重更为合理、准确,可为土壤肥力评价及相关领域的评价提供一个有益的思路。     

Using the VS‐Fast methodology for soil degradation assessment: a case study from Senegal

Soil degradation threatens sustainable food production and accelerates global warming. Poorer countries, whose agricultural sectors are highly dependent on their natural resource bases, are hit particularly hard by declining soil productivity. Calls for soil‐quality monitoring are therefore, justified and this could inform decision‐makers on the preparation of appropriate interventions. However, the provision of monitoring methodologies is not an easy task. Soil degradation affects several soil characteristics that at larger scales cannot be evaluated with models or remote‐sensing techniques. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the use of field‐based soil assessment methodologies to differentiate degrees of soil degradation. Specifically, we test the Visual Soil Field Assessment Tool (VS‐Fast) for detecting and monitoring soil degradation using a cross‐section of 71 sites in Senegal, the soil quality of which were classed by local experts. We found low correlation between VS‐Fast classes and expert assessments. By using an ordered logit model to quantify class boundaries, we show that experts categorized areas as ‘degraded’ for a wider range and higher VS‐Fast scores than the corresponding VS‐Fast class. Yet, from general linear models and analysis of variance procedures we found that areas classed by experts as ‘degraded’ had statistically significant lower VS‐Fast scores compared to those that were judged as ‘normal’ and ‘good’, while differences of the VS‐Fast scores between the latter two were negligible. It is remarkable that the visual assessment, the cheaper component of the VS‐Fast score, performs better in differentiating degradation status than its measured counterpart. The results support the need to investigate the applicability of other VSA methodologies that only use field observations and tactile methods.     

基于服务关系为核心的图书馆服务模式研究

通过对图书馆服务工作过程的分析,建立以服务中形成的关系为核心的服务模式。揭示在服务工作过程中所形成的人与物、人与人的几种相互关系,指出这些关系是否处于和谐发展状态,对服务质量以及服务效益的提高,具有一定的影响。同时,对反馈信息进行评价,找出差距,理顺关系,进一步优化服务过程,使服务工作处于一种良性循环状态。