Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding

More than half of the world's population suffers micronutrient undernourishment. The main sources of vitamins and minerals (iron, zinc, and vitamin A) for low-income rural and urban populations are staple foods of plant origin that often contain low levels or low bioavailability of these micronutrients. Biofortification aims to develop micronutrient-enhanced crop varieties through conventional plant breeding. HarvestPlus, the CGIAR's biofortification initiative, seeks to breed and disseminate crop varieties with enhanced micronutrient content that can improve the nutrition of the “hard to reach” (by fortification or supplementation programmes) rural and urban poor in targeted countries/regions. In attempting to enhance micronutrient levels in maize and wheat through conventional plant breeding, it is important to identify genetic resources with high levels of the targeted micronutrients, to consider the heritability of the targeted traits, to explore the availability of high throughput screening tools and to gain a better understanding of genotype by environment interactions. Biofortified maize and wheat varieties must have the trait combinations which encourage adoption such as high yield potential, disease resistance, and consumer acceptability. When defining breeding strategies and targeting micronutrient levels, researchers need to consider the desired micronutrient increases, food intake and retention and bioavailability as they relate to food processing, anti-nutritional factors and promoters. Finally, ex ante studies are required to quantify the burden of micronutrient deficiency and the potential of biofortification to achieve a significant improvement in human micronutrient status in the deficient target population in order to determine whether a biofortification program is cost-effective.     

花生新品种湛油62的选育研究

湛油62是湛江市农科所以(湛油30×CS41)F4作母本,梧油6号作父本进行有性杂交选育而成的花生新品种。该品种具有高产、优质、高抗锈病和耐涝等优点。在2000～2001年广东省花生品种区域试验中,平均产量3905.25kg/hm2,比第一对照种汕油523增产10.31%,增产达极显著水平;比第二对照种粤油256增产26.61%,增产达极显著水平。该品种于2003年3月通过广东省农作物品种委员会的审定,适宜于我国南方花生产区推广种植。     

檀香实生苗繁育与伴生植物配置关键技术试验

以檀香种子为材料,研究了不同浓度赤霉素、播种基质以及伴生树种对幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:采用1 000 mg/L赤霉素处理种子24h可促进种子发芽,发芽率达85%以上;以砂壤土+竹炭粉为播种基质出苗率最高;利用抛荒龙眼地并以龙眼树作为檀香成林期伴生植物对檀香生长具有促进作用,栽培12个月时测定,檀香树高、地径分别达172.3cm和2.48cm,为抛荒龙眼地重新利用提供新的思路。     

早显性水稻三系不育系乐3A的选育

乐3A是用IR超级稻与金23B杂交F3代的优良单株与矮败型不育系协青早A测交,并经多代回交转育而成的籼稻三系不育系.该不育系配合力强,异交习性好,且具有早熟不完全显性的特点.配制的杂交组合优质,早熟,抗倒性强.2012年8月,该不育系通过了四川省农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定,所配组合乐3优727、乐3优2275于201...     

芸苔属植物自交不亲和性遗传机理研究及应用进展

芸苔属作物S位点上有三个紧密连锁的基因SLG,SRK,SCR/SP11。其中SRK和SCR/SP11蛋白分别为柱头和花粉SI信号识别决定因子。复等位基因显隐性关系与SRK基因的表达水平并不相关,可能是由于在绒毡层中SCR基因受到强烈的下游调控导致杂合体中隐性SCR基因在小孢子细胞中表达受到抑制。分子进化研究表明十字花科S位点基因的多态性来自于共同的祖先,并在不同种分化之前已经形成。利用芸苔属植物自交不亲和性遗传机理发展而来的PCR-RFLP方法提供了在芸苔属作物育种中切实可行的精确鉴定植株的S基因型和自交不亲和性的有效方法。     

纵轴流式小区小麦育种联合收获机原理方案设计

为获得一种适宜我国现代农业推广与发展的小区小麦育种机械设计方案,运用现代设计理论对拟研发的小区小麦育种联合收获机进行原理方案设计。从系统的功能出发,通过形态学矩阵法确定收获机的4个优设计方案,并依据定性与定量分析结果选定了最佳设计方案。     

小区育种插装式排种器的设计

为提高育种试验机械化水平,降低试验劳动强度,按照小区育种播种机的技术要求,设计了一种插装式排种器,并以作业速度和株距为影响因素对其工作性能进行了测试。结果表明：作业速度为0.4～0.6 m/s,株距为8.5 cm时,粒距合格指数≥82.45%、重播指数≤13.38%、漏播指数≤4.16%,均达到优等品标准;株距为4.0 cm时,合格指数≥65.25%,达到一等品标准;重播指数≤13.87%,达到优等品标准;漏播指数≤19.50%,达到一等品标准。示范试验表明该排种器结构及排种性能满足小区育种农艺要求。     

硅、镁、硼肥对甘蔗产量和产糖量影响的研究

在硅、镁、硼营养较缺乏的甘蔗田，进行硅肥、镁肥、磷肥的施肥效应试验，结果表明：硅、镁、硼肥及其不同施肥水平对甘蔗的株高、茎径、锤度、产量和产糖量有明显的影响。施用硅肥使甘蔗锤度、产量和理论产糖量分别比对照增加0.42～1．11，11．04～14．96t／hm^2和1．84～2．10t／hm^2；施用镁肥分别比对照增加0.93～1．26，4．02～9．55t／hm^2和0．99～1．53t／hm^2；施用硼肥分别比对照增加0．41～1．20，5．00～10．00t／hm^2和0．80～1．82t／hm^2。     

植物体细胞无性系变异的研究与应用

本文综述了有关植物体细胞无性系变异的类型、机理、筛选与鉴定方法等方面的研究成果,并对其在新品种培育中的应用现状和前景进行了讨论。     

Current status and future strategy in breeding grasspea (Lathyrus sativus)

Efforts in grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) improvement have increased since the development of lines that are very low in the neurotoxin Beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha-beta-diamino propionic acid (ODAP); also referred to as Beta-N oxalyl-amino-L-alanine (BOAA). Many programs now address several related aspects of improvement simultaneously. These include reduced ODAP concentrations, insect and disease resistance, nitrogen fixation, agronomic practices, fodder and forage production, and components for increased yielding ability. The coordinated, multidisciplinary approach now being applied to the genetic improvement of grasspea should allow the potential of this largely neglected grain legume to be fully realized.