Anoxia Tolerance and Sugar Level in Roots and Coleoptiles of Aerobically Germinated Rice

Abstract

The root and coleoptile growth of aerobically germinated rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was suppressed by anoxic stress, but the suppression was more conspicuous in roots than in coleoptiles. In this study, the physiological and metabolic responses of roots to anoxia were compared with those of coleoptiles in aerobically germinated rice seedlings. ATP concentration in the coleoptiles was higher than that in the roots under anoxia. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity and ethanol concentration in the coleoptiles were also higher than in the roots under anoxia, which suggest that ethanolic fermentation may be more active in the coleoptiles than in the roots where glycolysis and ethanolic fermentation are the main source of ATP production. Activity of α-amylase, which mobilized reserved starch in the seeds, was not detected in the roots and coleoptiles of rice seedlings either under aerobic or anoxic conditions. However, α-amylase activity was found in endosperms of the rice seedlings even under anoxia. The α-amylase activity in anoxic endosperms was 64% of that in aerobic endosperms. Sugar concentration in the anoxic coleoptiles was higher than that in the anoxic roots. ATP and ethanol concentrations in the roots and coleoptiles of rice seedlings were correlated well with sugar concentrations in the roots and coleoptiles, which also showed a good correlation with anoxia tolerance of roots and coleoptiles with respect to elongation. These results suggest that the sugar level may be important for the anoxia tolerance of the roots and coleoptiles since the availability of sugar is essential for the operation of ethanolic fermentation leading to ATP production under anoxia, and it may serve to distinguish the anoxia tolerance of the roots and coleoptiles of the rice seedlings.     

Note on the Taxonomy of Genetta

The recruitment patterns of six teleosts were studied at King’s Beach, Algoa Bay. February to May marked the major recruitment period for Diplodus sargus, Lithognathus mormyrus, Rhabdosargus globiceps and Trachurus capensis. The major recruitment of Sarpa salpa fry took place between August and September. Pomadasys olivaceum fry of < 5 cm total length were caught throughout the year indicating an extended breeding period. The estimated growth rates of new recruits between February and May (autumn/winter) was 0,60 cm month ^-1 for L. mormyrus, 0,75 cm month^-1 for ft globiceps and 0,40 cm month^-1 for T. capensis. The empirical growth curve derived for S. salpa indicated a growth rate of 0,75 cm month^-1. No growth estimates could be made for P. olivaceum or D. sargus.     

Growth response of the salt-sensitive and the salt-tolerant sugarcane genotypes to potassium nutrition under salt stress

Adequate regulation of mineral nutrients plays a fundamental role in sustaining crop productivity and quality under salt stress. We investigated the ameliorative role of potassium (K as K₂SO₄) in overcoming the detrimental effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) on sugarcane genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Four levels of NaCl (0, 100, 130 and 160 mM) were imposed in triplicate on plants grown in gravel by supplying 0 and 3 mM K. The results revealed that application of NaCl significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased sodium (Na⁺) but decreased K⁺ concentrations in shoots and roots of both genotypes with a resultant decrease in K⁺/Na⁺ ratios. Physical growth parameters and juice quality were also markedly reduced with increasing NaCl concentrations compared with controls. However, addition of K alleviated the deleterious effects of NaCl and improved plant growth under salt stress. Cane yield and yield attributes of both genotypes were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher where K was added. Juice quality was also significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved with the application of K at various NaCl levels. The results suggested that added K interfered with Na⁺, reduced its uptake and accumulation in plant tissues and consequently improved plant growth and juice quality in sugarcane.     

微生态制剂对重茬甜菜根腐病防控及产质量水平提升的影响

为了揭示不同重茬年限下微生态制剂对病害的防治效果及产质量提升水平,明确适宜内蒙古重茬田微生态制剂的最佳施用量,2015-2017年,在内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院开展了微生态制剂不同施用量(0、30、60、90、120kg/hm~2)对不同重茬年限甜菜根腐病防治和产质量提升的研究。结果表明,随重茬年限的增加,重茬年限负效应逐渐增加,造成微生态制剂的防效逐年降低,甜菜的发病率、死株率呈大幅度增加,产质量水平显著降低,年际间以重茬3 a的改善效果最佳,处理间以施用量为90 kg/hm~2和120 kg/hm~2 2个处理较好。重茬3 a施用量30 kg/hm~2、60 kg/hm~2、90 kg/hm~2、120 kg/hm~2分别较0 kg/hm~2甜菜死株率降低7.76%、17.15%、23.18%和32.38%;发病率降低16.97%、41.84%、45.75%和56.09%;产量提高10.12%、12.51%、18.12%和19.19%;产糖量提高11.14%、15.45%、23.74%和25.98%,且各处理间基本达到了显著性差异水平。因此甜菜根腐病的发病率与产质量水平呈极显著负相关关系,说明根腐病是重茬甜菜的主要障碍因子,开展对重茬甜菜根腐病防控研究,对内蒙古甜菜产业持续、稳定发展具有重要意义。     

XPS and FTIR studies of fungus-stained Daemonorops margaritae

We explored the discoloration of rattan cane using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). XPS analysis showed that after the cane was stained by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, carbon and oxygen elements and the ratio of oxygen to carbon decreased. Considering atomic binding,C_1 and C_4 contents increased, while C_2 and C_3 contents decreased, and the ratio of O_2 to O_1 decreased sharply. The relative contents of lignin, cellulose and polysaccharides increased and new substances with low O_2/O_1 ratio occurred. FTIR analysis showed that the absorption peaks of O–H at 3346 cm^-1, aliphatic C–H at 2921, 2853 and1464 cm^-1, and C=O at 1723 cm^-1, were characteristic peaks of fungal melanin intensified, indicating that cane discoloration was primarily caused by fungal melanin. The absorption peaks characterizing cellulose and lignin like polysaccharides at 800 cm^-1, C–H at 1374 cm^-1, C–O at1058 and 1038 cm^-1, phenolic hydroxyl at 1245 cm^-1,aromatic ether bonds at 1270 cm^-1, carbon skeleton at1608 cm^-1 and benzene ring at 1500 cm^-1 were enhanced since the fungus mainly consumed the extractives in cane cell lumens and the main composition content increased relatively. Regardless of the discoloration caused by natural fungi or inoculated fungi, the discoloring feature and composition changes were identical except that the fungusinoculated cane had more melanin.     

我国蔗糖产业安全问题与发展对策

本文阐述了近年我国甘蔗糖业的现状,分析了今后蔗糖产业的形势,提出了我国蔗糖产业的发展对策,一是实行甘蔗糖料目标价格管理,建立以国企为核心的制糖企业制度,抵御国际低价进口糖冲击;二是科学划定和加快实施我国糖料蔗生产保护区的生产;三是建立甘蔗现代生产体系,形成以机械化应用牵引规模化经营、带动社会化服务的格局,提升蔗糖国际竞争力。     

超声微波交替辅助提取棕榈藤叶片中酚酸的工艺与机理

以棕榈藤叶片为原料,对其进行超声微波交替提取并探究其机理。单因素实验得出超声微波交替提取的最优操作条件:以体积分数40%的乙醇溶液为提取溶剂;m(棕榈藤叶片)∶V (乙醇)=1 g∶14 mL。超声微波交替提取实验得出先微波辅助提取2.0 min,微波功率为600 W;再超声提取15 min,超声功率500 W,重复两次为最佳交替提取条件。所得棕榈藤叶片总酚酸的提取率为3.97 mg/g。超声微波交替提取棕榈藤酚酸过程中:微波自内而外的加热效应和超声空化效应结合起来优势互补,交替作用于藤叶细胞,有效提高细胞膜的通透性,促进酚酸溶出,大大提高提取效率。对超声微波交替提取机理做了深入的研究和分析。     

Bottom-up down from the top: Honeydew as a carbon source for soil organisms

Honeydew produced by aphids is a well-studied food source for mutualistic ants. Although considerable amounts drop onto the soil surface there are hardly any studies dealing with the potential effects of this additional C source for soil organisms, particularly those living at the soil surface. We studied this question by simulating honeydew and investigating plots under Populus canescens formerly infested with aphids on two ruderal sites differing in soil organic matter content and vegetation cover. The simulated honeydew input increased microbial biomass with some delay in week 10. Both natural and simulated honeydew raised the activity densities of an epigeic Collembola taxon, the Bourletiellidae, but not of the dominant Hemisotoma thermophila. The honeydew effect varied over time and with the site, and was more pronounced at the nutrient-poor site for Collembola, but not for microbial biomass. Ant consumption reduced the amount of honeydew reaching the soil surface by 50%. The activity density of H. thermophila was negatively related to ants and spiders, hinting at a top-down control. Honeydew clearly acts as a bottom-up force for soil organisms, which is however only part of the complex network connecting the food webs of primary producers and decomposers.     

利用InDel技术评价甜菜品种的一致性

为了探索InDel分子标记技术在鉴定甜菜品种一致性中的可行性，本研究以8个甜菜品种为试材，每个品种取24个单株，分别提取基因组DNA，利用9对InDel引物对每个甜菜品种的24个单株分别进行InDel-PCR扩增，根据扩增条带分析每个甜菜品种的一致性分布特征。结果表明8个甜菜品种所有位点的平均一致性比率在67.7%~88.1%之间。单一引物在不同品种中表现出的一致性比率具有一定差异。例如，利用ND286引物在品种985和品种1123中检测出的一致性比率为100%，但是在其他品种中检测出的一致性比率分布在46%~63%之间。不同引物在同一品种中表现出的一致性比率可能相同，但其区分出的不一致植株可能相同也可能不同。比如，在平均一致性最好的品种1015中，ND31和ND71引物在24个植株中检测出的一致性比率相同，但ND31引物区分出的差异植株为13、14和15号植株，而ND71引物区分出的差异植株为8、15和21号植株。因此利用单个位点引物对甜菜品种一致性进行鉴定不具有普遍性和科学性，应该综合多个位点的表现进行一致性鉴定，且现阶段甜菜品种一致性鉴定的标准不宜设置过高。