一次强对流天气的中尺度对流系统和雷达回波特征分析

利用FY-2F卫星TBB资料、多普勒雷达资料及常规气象观测资料等,对2018年3月30日发生在安顺的一次强对流天气进行分析。结果表明,此次过程的中尺度对流系统是由3个对流单体合并生成,其伸展高度较高,发展强盛,生命史在8 h左右,当云顶亮温TBB<-48℃时,有产生强对流天气的可能性;弓形回波预示着雷暴大风的来临,低层存在有界弱回波区、高层有强回波悬垂以及>50 d BZ的强回波伸展到-20℃层高度以上,预示着产生强冰雹的可能性大。     

Physicochemical Approach to Determine the Mechanism for Acid–Base Disorders in 793 Hospitalized Foals

Background

The quantitative effect of strong electrolytes, unmeasured strong anions (UAs), pCO ₂, and plasma protein concentrations in determining plasma pH can be demonstrated using the physicochemical approach. Plasma anion gap (AG) and strong ion gap (SIG) are used to assess UAs in different species.

Hypotheses

Strong ions are a major factor influencing changes in plasma pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG accurately predict severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia ([l‐lac⁻] > 7 mmol/L).

Animals

Seven hundred and ninety three hospitalized foals < 7 days old.

Methods

Retrospective study. The relationship between measured pH and physicochemical variables, and the relationship between plasma [l‐lac⁻] and AG and SIG, were determined using regression analyses. Optimal AG and SIG cut points to predict hyper‐l‐lactatemia were identified using an ROC curve analysis.

Results

Combined, the measured strong ion difference and SIG accounted for 54–69% of the changes in the measured arterial pH of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were significantly associated with plasma [l‐lac⁻] (P < .0001). The receiver operator characteristics (ROC) AUC of AG and SIG for prediction of severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia were 0.89 (95%CI, 0.8–0.95; P < .0001) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.81–0.96; P < .0001), respectively. Severe hyper‐l‐lactatemia was best predicted by AG > 27 mmol/L (sensitivity 80%, 95%CI, 56–94, specificity 85%, 95%CI, 73–93; P < .0001) and SIG <−15 mmol/L (sensitivity 90%, 95%CI, 68–98; specificity 80%; 95%CI, 68–90; P < .0001).

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Altered concentrations of strong ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) and UAs were the primary cause of acidemia of hospitalized foals. AG and SIG were good predictors of hyper‐l‐lactatemia and could be used as surrogate tests.     

施氮量对两个强筋小麦品种品质的影响

为了探究施氮量对强筋小麦品质特性的影响,以强筋小麦品种‘郑麦366’和‘郑农46’为试验材料,分别设置0、120、240和360 kg/hm²的施氮量,研究不同氮水平对小麦面筋蛋白组成及二级结构、淀粉的粒度分布和粘度特性、面团流变学特性的影响。结果表明,‘郑麦366’和‘郑农46’分别在N1(120 kg/hm²)和N2(240 kg/hm²)水平下流变学特性达到最佳,这可能是因为两个小麦品种分别在N1和N2下蛋白质含量较高、总淀粉含量较低、B型淀粉相对含量较高;相比于N0(0 kg/hm²),N3(360 kg/hm²)条件下的面团流变学特性显著降低,可能是由于过量施氮分别影响了‘郑麦366’的蛋白含量和‘郑农46’的B型淀粉含量。综上,相比于其他品质性状,蛋白含量对‘郑麦366’品质的影响更大,而B型淀粉含量的变化在‘郑农46’品质形成中起主导作用。本研究为强筋小麦‘郑麦366’和‘郑农46’的氮素施用提供理论依据。     

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) for low-input lawns in the Mediterranean environment

In recent years, environmental concerns have created a desire for the sustainable care of grass swards, with a specific goal of reducing resources needed for turfgrass maintenance by utilising low-input species best adapted to specific local environmental conditions. A two-year field experiment was conducted to compare the aesthetic or ornamental quality, and function potential, of different swards. The treatments consisted of four monostands of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra Gaudin), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb. Dumort.), three two-species mixtures of white clover + yarrow, white clover + strong creeping red fescue, and yarrow + strong creeping red fescue, and one three-species mixture of white clover + yarrow + strong creeping red fescue. Within each plot, a botanical survey was performed each spring to estimate species relative abundance by determining the proportions of different species present. All plots were evaluated every two weeks during the growing period for visual quality and normalised difference vegetative index. Vegetation canopy height in each plot was measured before each biweekly mowing event, and clippings were collected to measure vegetative dry matter. Relative abundance of yarrow, strong creeping red fescue, and tall fescue was stable throughout the entire study period. The mixtures including yarrow displayed sufficient or higher quality ratings (≥6) in all seasons with the exception of winter, however, yarrow + strong creeping red fescue compensated each other's defects by maintaining their relative abundance (≥ 80%) over time as well suppressing or prevent significant weed invasion (relative abundance <15%). Moreover, yarrow or strong creeping red fescue monostands, or yarrow + strong creeping red fescue could be maintained with lower number of mowing events, due to their lower vertical growth. In conclusion, alternative plant species to turf-type grasses produced a visual quality equal to or better than tall fescue maintained under low fertilisation and mowing frequency. All swards that included yarrow produced better visual quality, exhibited better weed control, had lower vertical growth rate, and provided an aesthetically pleasant, persistent, and sustainable vegetative ground cover than other swards, and can be utilised as a low-input species.     

重庆地区一次冬季强降温过程诊断分析

为更全面地认识重庆地区冬季强降温发生机制,利用常规地面观测资料、探空资料及数值模式资料,采用天气动力学诊断方法,对重庆地区2018年1月22—29日强降温天气过程的天气系统演变特征、动力结构特征及水汽条件进行分析。结果表明：（1）1月22—29日冷空气由东北路径侵入重庆地区,72 h内日平均温度普遍下降6℃及以上,东北部地区由于先受冷空气影响且海拔普遍偏高,较西部地区先出现大范围降温且最低温度普遍低于西部地区,出现雨雪天气;西部地区在高、低空急流及川东低涡切变线的动力作用下,配合充足的水汽条件较东部地区先出现大范围降雨,东北路冷空气回流至西部地区,并持续低温阴雨天气。（2）贝加尔湖以西的低压系统、冷中心及东北冷涡、高低空急流、中低层低涡切变线是预报重庆地区此次强降温伴随雨（雪）天气的出现时间及影响区域的重要预报着眼点。     

高产优质兼顾的强筋小麦品种选育方法与实践

自20世纪80年代以来,我国培育了一系列优质强筋小麦新品种。在当前小麦较高产量水平下,如何培育品质和产量协同提高的强筋小麦新品种,是育种者面临的新挑战。笔者在前人研究的基础上,以“目标明确、背景清晰、优优组合”的亲本选配原则、“抓住抗冻抗倒主要矛盾、平衡其他次要矛盾、汰劣选优”的选择方法,成功育成了济麦44等一批高产优质兼顾的强筋小麦新品种（系）。本文详细论述了这些选育方法,以期为全国高产优质小麦育种提供参考。     

2019年3月岳阳一次强对流天气过程的成因分析

整理分析岳阳2019年3月20—21日常规天气观测资料、NECP再分析数据,结合多普勒天气雷达资料及产品,应用天气学、雷达气象学方法对此次强对流天气过程的背景及环境场条件进行分析。结果表明,前期不稳定能量积聚,19—20日地面倒槽发展,南风强盛,岳阳市前期地面升温明显,最高气温达到28℃以上;500 hPa中高纬为多波动型,湖南处于槽前西南气流控制下,850 hPa四川、贵州交界处有低涡形成,中低层切变移动影响岳阳,为此次强对流过程提供了动力条件;地面冷空气南下,斜压锋生,触发对流发展;中低空西南急流建立,来自孟加拉湾的强盛的水汽输送与持续的水汽辐合,为此次强对流过程提供了充沛的水汽供应和动量输送,同时也大大加强了低层上升运动的形成,为降水的发生发展提供了动力与热力条件;此外,垂直上升运动的大值区与强对流发生时段对应较好,K指数、沙氏指数及对流不稳定能量CAPE已达到岳阳出现强对流和短时暴雨指标;在强对流预报中,不仅要考虑大尺度环流及特征物理量,也要考虑地形对降水及强对流天气的影响。     

不同农艺措施对强筋小麦产量及品质指标的影响

采用5因素二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了强筋小麦的播期、基本苗、施氮量、施磷量和施钾量等5项农艺措施与产量和品质的关系及其交互作用;建立了产量、粗蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、吸水率、面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和弱化度等7个目标性状的数学模型;实现7 500 kg/hm2以上产量水平、品质指标达国家强筋小麦二级以上标准的最佳农艺措施方案为:播期10月6~7日,基本苗104.8~106.8万/hm2,施氮(N)量294.9~308.0 kg/hm2,施磷(P2O5)量139.2~152.2 kg/hm2,施钾(K2O)量180.1~200.3 kg/hm2;经在同样生态类型区45.9 hm2麦田示范应用,效果非常显著。     

优质强筋小麦新品种郑品优9号的遗传基础解析

为明确优质强筋小麦新品种郑品优9号的分子遗传基础及重要性状功能基因组成,利用小麦50 K SNP育种芯片对郑品优9号及其双亲郑麦366和豫麦34进行分析。结果表明,郑麦366和豫麦34对郑品优9号的遗传贡献率分别为68.26%和31.74%;在不同基因组和染色体水平,双亲对郑品优9号的遗传贡献率差异较大,郑麦366对郑品优9号A、B、D三个基因组的贡献率分别为68.60%、90.98%和27.63%,其中,郑麦366在B基因组染色体上的遗传贡献率均高于豫麦34,除1B染色体外,2B~7B染色体上的遗传贡献率均超过80%。重要性状功能基因组成分析发现,郑品优9号不仅聚合了多个优良品质基因,还携带有与抗病性和农艺性状相关的优异基因。本研究可为郑品优9号在遗传改良和生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

优质澳洲坚果砧木苗的筛选及4种砧穗组合的研究

摘要：为了筛选适宜在广东地区生态环境下生长,根系发达,抗风强,嫁接亲和力优良的砧木品种。通过研究桂热1号、H2、900、A16、800、333、788、O.C、OV、广西九号、695、246、781和741等实生幼苗株高、地径、主根长、须根长和鲜重等生理参数,确定几种优良砧木苗。在此基础上,以桂热1号、O.C、JW、南亚3号为接穗,测定计算接穗成活率、接穗长、径粗、鲜重和壮苗指数等生理参数,比较不同砧木和接穗之间的亲和力,确定最优砧穗组合。研究结果表明：H2、695、A16、O.C、OV、900在生产中可以作为砧木来培育幼苗;双舌接法嫁接平均成活率达80.43%;H2、A16、695为砧木时,接穗生长发育均表现良好。