Insecticidal Constructure and Bioactivities of Compounds from Ficus sarmentosa var. henryi

Insecticidal activities of the petroleum ether-, chloroform-, ethyl acetate-, and water-soluble fractions of the methanolic extract of Ficus sarmentosa var. henryi were assayed against Musca domestica adults. The chloroform- and ethyl acetate-soluble fractions were the most active with 92.6 and 88.9% mortalities (24 h after treatment) respectively. Therefore, the two fractions were combined and four compounds, isolated from the fractions by activity-guided fractionation, were elucidated as 7-hydroxycoumarin, apigenin, eriodictyol, and quercetin by spectroscopic method and displayed excellent insecticidal activities against adults of M. domestica and 4th instar larva of Aedes albopictus. Among those, 7-hydroxycoumarin showed the strongest insecticidal activities with lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) values of 72.13 μg g⁻¹ sugar and 4.87 μg mL⁻¹ (48 h after treatment) against the test insects respectively. The cytoxicities of these compounds on BTI-Tn-5Bl-4 cell were also investigated for the insecticidal mechanism and found that quercetin represented superior inhibitory activity with MTT assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) against BTI-Tn-5Bl-4 cell, but slightly weaker than that of the positive control (azadirachtin) and significantly greater than the negative control (DMSO only). Meanwhile, eriodictyol demonstrated the strongest effect on the mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMP). In conclusion, based on their comparative toxicities to commercial insecticides and their cytotoxic effects, some of the compounds from the F. sarmentosa have potential as botanical insecticides.     

Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in different coloured cultivars of ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC)

Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of many fruits, vegetables, flowers, and coloured-leaved trees. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC) is widely cultivated for its colourful inner leaves. To investigate the relationship between the degree of colouration and anthocyanin distribution, content, and composition in ornamental kale, the authors studied the pigment characteristics of five cultivars with different coloured leaves (white, pink, red, purple, and purple-black). Microscopy observation, spectrophotometer, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis of fresh inner leaves revealed that pink, red, and purple colourations were associated with high levels of anthocyanin, while purple-black was the result of the combination of anthocyanins and chlorophyll. In the coloured cultivars, anthocyanins were abundant mainly in the first and second cell layers below the epidermis in both the hypocotyls and inner leaves. No anthocyanin was found in the white-leaved phenotype cultivar. Anthocyanin content increased as leaf colour deepened from pink, red, to purple cultivars, which had little chlorophyll and carotenoid. The authors identified eight anthocyanins in the four coloured cultivars, including one non-acylated, four monoacylated, and three diacylated cyanidin glycosides. Cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)(feruloyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin in the four coloured cultivars followed by cyanidin-3-(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside. The analysis of anthocyanin accumulation characterisation provides important information on evaluating colouration patterns in coloured plants, and will be helpful for breeding desired leaf colours in ornamental kale.     

基于14C同化物运转和分配对黄柏剥皮的再生机理

以14C为示踪剂,用14CO2+CO2法对2年生黄柏进行半株标记,在主干上环状剥去韧皮部,以塑料薄膜包裹,燃烧法制样、液体闪烁测量法测14C活度。结果表明,未剥皮黄柏韧皮部的14C同化物运输速率为52.0cm/h,3h左右同化物从树冠运输到根系,树冠不同部位的功能叶14C同化物分配为:中部功能叶>上部功能叶>下部功能叶;剥皮后,同化物分配规律改变为:上部功能叶>中部功能叶>下部功能叶;剥皮第15天在新生韧皮部、剥口下方的树皮及根系中检测到14C同化物,表明新生韧皮部的生理功能得到恢复。     

稻渔综合种养的科学范式

探讨不同养殖模式下金背鲤 (Cyprinus carpio var. Jinbei) 肠道菌群和鱼肉风味品质差异,对金背鲤的繁殖优化具有重要意义。采用高通量测序技术对稻田放养和池塘养殖模式下金背鲤的肠道微生物进行测序,利用液相色谱和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用 (HS-SPME-GC-IMS) 技术测定其滋味物质、挥发性风味化合物,结合感觉阈值计算滋味活性值和相对气味活度值。结果显示：两种养殖模式的金背鲤肠道细菌群落结构差异显著,稻田放养 (FGF) 组以弧菌 (Vibrio)、拟杆菌 (Bacteroides)、交替单胞菌 (Alteromonadales)、希瓦氏菌 (Shewanella)、嗜冷假单胞菌 (Pseudomonas psychrophile) 和Brevinema属为主,池塘养殖 (FGP) 组以莫拉克斯氏菌 (Moraxella) 和克雷伯菌属 (Klebsiella) 为主;FGF组中鲜味肌苷酸含量及其滋味活性值 (1.676 g·kg⁻¹, 6.705) 远高于FGP组 (0.246 g·kg⁻¹, 0.985),FGF组鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸含量 (0.143和2.052 g·kg⁻¹) 高于FGP组 (0.109和2.001 g·kg⁻¹),而其苦味氨基酸 (3.193 g·kg⁻¹) 却低于FGP组 (3.836 g·kg⁻¹);金背鲤的挥发性化合物组分复杂,其关键气味化合物 (ROAV≥1) 和对整体风味有修饰作用的化合物 (0.1≤ROAV<1) 的种类存在差异。菌属与风味物质的相关性分析显示弧菌属、拟杆菌属、克雷伯菌属和摩根菌属 (Morganella) 与风味物质呈显著相关 (0.01≤P<0.05 & 0.001≤P<0.01 & P<0.001)。研究表明,养殖模式影响了金背鲤的肠道微生物,并间接影响了其风味品质。     

滇重楼授粉特性的初步研究

通过对滇重楼授粉特性初步研究,结果表明:①滇重楼是常异花授粉植物,且不存在无融合生殖;②自然界中的滇重楼通过昆虫进行传粉,属虫媒植物;③滇重楼自花授粉结籽率低,人工异花授粉是提高种子产量的有效措施;④滇重楼的最佳授粉期是在花粉囊裂开后的第5天,花粉囊裂开后的5 d内完成人工授粉效果最好,授粉后到完成受精有效时间为24~96 h。本文为滇重楼育种和提高种子产量提供科学依据。     

百花山葡萄组织培养和快速繁殖

百花山葡萄(Vitis amurensis Rupr. var. dissecta)野外仅见一株,是北京市重点保护濒危物种。通过比较不同消毒方法、植物生长调节剂的种类和浓度配比、生根培养基类型,建立百花山葡萄组织培养快速繁殖体系。结果表明,15%的H₂O₂消毒4 min的效果最好,培养基MS+0.6 mg·L^-16-BA+0.3 mg·L^-1NAA为愈伤组织最佳诱导培养基,培养基1/2MS+1.0 mg·L^-16-BA+0.1 mg·L^-1NAA有利于丛生芽的诱导,在诱导不定根时,使用1/2 WPM + 0.2 mg·L^-16-BA培养基培养效果最好。采用组培快繁技术,已经获得百花山葡萄完整植株,并于室外移栽成活,为百花山葡萄这一极小种群的保存与繁殖提供了保障。     

樟子松种子小蜂成虫对寄主植物代谢物质的行为反应

以樟子松种子小蜂成虫(Eurytoma sp.)为材料,观察了小蜂成虫的交尾习性及其寿命与补充营养的关系。利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定了雌雄成虫对叔丁胺、4-羟基-2-丁酮、1,2-二氯乙烷、异辛烷、1,3,5-环庚三烯5种标准化合物的行为反应。结果表明:在5种挥发物3个体积分数(0.02%、0.02%和2.00%)中,雌成虫选择率最高的为叔丁胺(选择率达66.67%),其次为1,3,5-环庚三烯;而雄成虫选择率最高的为1,3,5-环庚三烯(选择率达63.33%),其次为叔丁胺和1,2-二氯乙烷。雌雄成虫对5种挥发物质的触角电位(EAG)反应结果表明:雌成虫均对2%的叔丁胺的EAG反应最强(反应值为0.186 4),而雄成虫对2%的1,2-二氯乙烷的EAG反应最强(反应值为0.292 2)。雌成虫对1,2-二氯乙烷的反应呈随体积分数增加而增强的趋势,雄成虫对1,2-二氯乙烷和1,3,5-环庚三烯的反应也表现为随体积分数的增加而增强。     

分葱对黄瓜、萝卜和白菜的化感作用

以黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）,萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）和白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）3种蔬菜作物为受体,通过种子萌发试验及幼苗生长试验,对分葱（Allium fistulosum L.var.caespitosum Makino）根系及其地上部水浸液的化感作用进行了初步研究。结果表明：分葱根系和地上部水浸液对黄瓜、萝卜和白菜具有一定的化感作用。对黄瓜和萝卜的萌发有一定的抑制作用,而对其幼苗生长有一定的促进作用;对白菜的萌发表现为低浓度促进高浓度抑制,而对其幼苗生长有一定的抑制作用。因此,在蔬菜栽培制度中,分葱可与黄瓜和萝卜进行合理的轮作与间套作;但可能不适宜与白菜进行轮作或间套作。     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松固沙林更新迹地土壤理化特性演变研究

科尔沁沙地南缘在90年代初引种失败后,对原有植被采伐并在采伐迹地进行植被重建。为了研究沙地植被更新13 a后土壤特性,选取土壤容重、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾7个衡量土壤肥力的重要指标作为土壤环境肥力质量的评价指标,采用改进的内梅罗(Nemoro)公式对山杏、彰武小钻杨和白丁香三种林分的土壤环境肥力质量进行综合评价。结果表明,植被重建后土壤特性演变朝良性方向发展,相较于采伐迹地土壤容重减小、田间持水量提高;有机质、氮磷钾及其有效性明显提高,有效磷和碱解氮含量相较于采伐迹地增幅最大;3种植被重建类型对提高土壤上层(0~10 cm)理化性质的能力较下层(10~20 cm)强;樟子松更新迹地3种植被重建类型下土壤肥力质量综合排序为:彰武小钻杨(0.82)白丁香(0.72)山杏(0.66)。樟子松固沙林更新迹地植被重建后的土壤理化性质及肥力条件得到了有效改善,且有很大的提升空间。研究结果将为今后科尔沁沙地生态恢复提供科学依据。     

樟子松人工林生长与收获预估模型的研究

以可变密度全林分预估模型理论为指导,探讨建立了樟子松人工林地位级指数和林分密度指数经验方程,结合林分密度动态预估模型,建立了樟子松人工林断面积预估模型和蓄积量预估模型。经检验模型预测值与实测值误差为3.64%,模型精度96.37%。