华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因分析

秸秆覆盖是减少农田棵间蒸发和提高水分利用效率的措施之一。冬小麦/夏玉米一年两作种植中, 秸秆资源非常丰富, 随着机械化作业的发展, 小麦秸秆覆盖夏玉米技术在同类地区得到成功应用和推广。但夏玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦后对冬小麦的生长发育产生了一些不利影响, 造成了冬小麦不增产或减产, 限制了该项技术的推广。秸秆覆盖造成冬小麦穗数的降低是冬小麦产量降低的主要原因, 其次是千粒重的降低。大部分研究表明秸秆覆盖小麦地表后, 使根区土壤温度白天最高温度低于不覆盖处理, 夜间的最低温度高于不覆盖处理, 土壤温度的日较差减小。秸秆覆盖下根区温度的变化可能是引起小麦生长发育滞后和产量降低的主导因素。本文综述了华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因, 为实现两熟区冬小麦秸秆覆盖提供理论依据。     

Effects of different ridge-furrow mulching systems on yield and water use efficiency of summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China

Ridge-furrow film mulching has been proven to be an effective water-saving and yield-improving planting pattern in arid and semi-arid regions. Drought is the main factor limiting the local agricultural production in the Loess Plateau of China. In this study, we tried to select a suitable ridge-furrow mulching system to improve this situation. A two-year field experiment of summer maize (Zea mays L.) during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 was conducted to systematically analyze the effects of flat planting with no film mulching (CK), ridge-furrow with ridges mulching and furrows bare (RFM), and double ridges and furrows full mulching (DRFFM) on soil temperature, soil water storage (SWS), root growth, aboveground dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE), and grain yield. Both RFM and DRFFM significantly increased soil temperature in ridges, while soil temperature in furrows for RFM and DRFFM was similar to that for CK. The largest SWS was observed in DRFFM, followed by RFM and CK, with significant differences among them. SWS was lower in ridges than in furrows for RFM. DRFFM treatment kept soil water in ridges, resulting in higher SWS in ridges than in furrows after a period of no water input. Across the two growing seasons, compared with CK, RFM increased root mass by 10.2% and 19.3% at the jointing and filling stages, respectively, and DRFFM increased root mass by 7.9% at the jointing stage but decreased root mass by 6.0% at the filling stage. Over the two growing seasons, root length at the jointing and filling stages was respectively increased by 75.4% and 58.7% in DRFFM, and 20.6% and 30.2% in RFM. Relative to the jointing stage, the increased proportions of root mass and length at the filling stage were respectively 42.8% and 94.9% in DRFFM, 63.2% and 115.1% in CK, and 76.7% and 132.1% in RFM, over the two growing seasons, showing that DRFFM slowed down root growth while RFM promoted root growth at the later growth stages. DRFFM treatment increased root mass and root length in ridges and decreased them in 0-30 cm soil layer, while RFM increased them in 0-30 cm soil layer. Compared with CK, DRFFM decreased aboveground dry matter while RFM increased it. Evapotranspiration was reduced by 9.8% and 7.1% in DRFFM and RFM, respectively, across the two growing seasons. Grain yield was decreased by 14.3% in DRFFM and increased by 13.6% in RFM compared with CK over the two growing seasons. WUE in CK was non-significantly 6.8% higher than that in DRFFM and significantly 22.5% lower than that in RFM across the two growing seasons. Thus, RFM planting pattern is recommended as a viable water-saving option for summer maize in the Loess Plateau of China.     

降解地膜覆盖对马铃薯产量及品质的影响

本文旨在研究降解地膜覆盖对马铃薯产量和品质的影响,实验选在山东省邹城市峄山生态农业示范园内进行,以普通非降解地膜为对照,以3种供试降解地膜为处理,进行单因素实验。结果表明,PHA地膜的增温效果较差,其余3种地膜效果差异不明显。从产量来看,PHA地膜的产量最小,但是干物质和淀粉含量最高,而另外3种地膜的产量高,干物质和淀粉含量相对较少。从地膜残留量上来看,普通地膜的残留量最大,其它3种地膜到收获时,基本腐烂。综合产量、品质以及可操作性几个方面来看,供试的天壮Ⅱ号膜的效果最好,能较好地满足马铃薯生产需求,解决了对环境污染和不影响产量的问题,是较为理想的地膜品种,值得大面积推广。     

秸秆锯切式粉碎机的设计研究

为更好地利用农作物秸秆资源,本研究设计一款采用锯切方式粉碎秸秆的机器。文章主要介绍了秸秆锯切式粉碎机的设计思想、设计方案、基本结构以及工作原理,并对切削系统进行相应的力学计算。     

不同栽培方式和秸秆还田对水稻产量和营养品质的影响

为阐明水稻产量和营养品质在不同栽培方式和秸秆还田条件下的表现特性, 以两优培九(籼稻)为材料, 常规水作(CFC)为对照, 通过长期定位试验(2001—2010年)研究了覆膜旱作(PFMC)、裸地旱作(NMC)和秸秆还田对水稻产量、精米中蛋白质和氨基酸、糙米中铁和锌含量的影响。2008—2010三年试验结果(平均值)表明, 与CFC相比, PFMC能显著增加水稻产量, 增产幅度达8.0%, 精米中总氨基酸含量下降3.5%, 精米中蛋白质, 糙米中铁锌含量与CFC处理差异不显著; NMC处理产量显著下降5.1%, 蛋白质、总氨基酸和铁含量分别下降4.4%、9.3%和11.9%。秸秆还田较不还田处理, CFC条件下, 产量增加了113.6 kg hm^-2; NMC条件下, 产量增加142.6 kg hm^-2; PFMC条件下, 产量增加522.1 kg hm^-2; 三种栽培方式产量平均增加3.3%, 糙米中的铁和锌含量平均增加3.1%和6.4%, 精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量差异不显著。本试验结果表明, PFMC能显著提高水稻产量, 秸秆还田能显著提高水稻产量和稻米中铁、锌含量。     

不同秸秆及绿肥浸提液对玉米化感作用的研究

采用室内培养试验,通过测定油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及紫云英+油菜秸秆4种浸提液对玉米发芽、幼苗生长及干重的影响,研究不同秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用。结果表明,当浸提液浓度≥10 g/L时显著降低玉米发芽率。除紫云英+油菜秸秆浸提液对幼苗生长及干重表现为较强抑制作用外,其他浸提液均表现为显著促进作用或微弱抑制作用,紫云英浸提液促进作用最强,其中,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英浸提液均在5 g/L时对幼苗总干重的促进作用最大,分别较对照提高10.85%、11.51%、16.71%。除紫云英+油菜秸秆外,其他秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用整体上均表现为促进作用,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及油菜+紫云英浸提液的综合敏感指数分别为2.64%、3.59%、10.32%、-7.33%。     

秸秆还田条件下氮肥用量对冬小麦产量和氮效率的影响

目的：探讨秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量和氮效率的影响,为临沂市实现小麦高产高效提供理论依据。方法：以济麦22作为供试冬小麦品种,设秸秆还田下5个施氮水平（0、90、180、270、360kg/hm2,分别表示为T1、T2、T3、T5、T6,以及秸秆不还田+施氮量180kg/hm2（T4）共6个处理,研究不同处理对冬小麦产量和氮效率的影响。结果：秸秆还田配施氮肥的冬小麦籽粒产量明显高于单施氮肥的,增产率为18.48%。其中秸秆还田配施氮肥270kg/hm2的处理冬小麦籽粒产量最高,达到8410kg/hm2。秸秆还田配施氮肥与单施氮肥相比,明显提高了氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮素生产效率,分别提高了7.6%、6.7kg/kg和3.6kg/kg。结论：综合考虑临沂市秸秆还田配施氮肥应控制在180～270kg/hm2为宜。     

有机水稻覆膜插秧技术研究

有机水稻覆膜插秧栽培试验结果表明：覆膜插秧提高了水稻生长前期土壤温度,加速了前期有机肥分解,为水稻分蘖期提供足够养分,有利于水稻生长.覆膜插秧水稻的株高、穗长、穗数、千粒重均较常规插秧的高;实产较常规插秧提高20.9％;覆膜插秧水稻全生育期较常规提前4～6 d,提前完成了有效分蘖;覆膜插秧水稻对于稗草、鸭舌草防除效果好,除草效果达86％.     

全膜双垄沟播谷子品种比较研究

为了进一步提高谷子的产量和品质,以全膜双垄沟播条件下,以张杂谷3号、大同29号、大同32号、晋谷29号、晋谷9号、陇谷11号和陇谷6号（对照）作为供试品种,从生育期、主要农艺性状和产量几方面进行了品种间比较.结果表明,大同32号和张杂谷3号增产显著,能够适应盐池县的气候特点;陇谷11号、大同29号可以继续参试;晋谷9号、晋谷29号不适宜盐池县种植,可不再参试.     

秸秆覆盖对全膜双垄沟留膜复种马铃薯产量、水分利用效率及氮肥效应的影响

采用田间试验研究秸秆覆盖对全膜双垄沟留膜免耕复种马铃薯产量及水分利用效率、氮肥效应的影响。结果表明, 在全膜双垄沟留膜免耕复种栽培模式下,秸秆覆盖有利于促进马铃薯生长和显著提高马铃薯产量及水分利用效率,且马铃薯产量及水分利用效率均随着前茬施N量的增加呈明显增加趋势,N肥的后效增产作用非常明显;秸秆覆盖条件下,相同施肥处理马铃薯产量及水分利用效率、N肥农学效率分别比无秸秆覆盖提高25.5%~59.5%、30.8%~67.3%、8.8%~155.6%,前茬N、P₂O5和K₂O的用量分别为300、120、60 kg/hm时（F1N5处理）,马铃薯产量最高,可达16 737 kg/hm,明显高于其他处理,表明马铃薯在全膜双垄沟留膜复种模式下,秸秆覆盖可显著提高马铃薯产量及水分利用效率、氮肥效应更加明显。