覆膜对宁夏干旱区苜蓿种子产量及构成因素的影响

【目的】研究覆膜种植对宁夏干旱区苜蓿种子产量及构成因素的影响,为苜蓿种子生产提供适宜的种植方式。【方法】以甘农4号苜蓿品种为材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,以覆黑膜（HM）和覆白膜（BM）为处理,不覆膜为对照,连续2年（2016-2017年）测定不同覆膜处理下种子产量及其构成因素。【结果】2016-2017年平均结果显示,HM和BM处理苜蓿的株高分别为105.75和104.77 cm,与对照相比分别提高了9.38和8.40 cm;HM和BM处理的每株花序数为493.77和501.85个,与对照相比分别提高了82.12和90.20个;BM处理的每花序结荚数与对照相比提高了1.33个,HM处理与对照无显著差异;HM和BM处理的每荚种子数分别为6.12和6.92个,与对照相比分别提高了0.8和1.6个;HM和BM处理苜蓿实际种子产量分别为358.95和494.73 kg/hm²,与对照相比分别提高了57.58和193.33 kg/hm²。由相关分析及通径分析可知,苜蓿单株种子产量与株高、分枝数、每株生殖枝数、每株花序数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与结荚率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);每株花序数对单株种子产量的贡献最大,其他因素对单株种子产量的贡献主要通过提高每株花序数间接地实现。【结论】覆白膜是提高苜蓿种子产量的最佳种植方式。     

秸秆还田中稻基施钾肥减量效果研究

[目的]研究在小麦秸秆全量还田条件下,中稻基施钾肥减量效果,为中稻钾肥减量提供科学依据。[方法]在小麦秸秆全量还田下,开展中稻基施钾肥试验。[结果]在秸秆全量还田条件下,基施钾肥减少20%的处理(5)产量、钾素吸收量、钾素(肥)利用率最高。产量、钾素吸收量分别为9 806.5、265.0 kg/hm~2,与全量施钾肥处理(2)相比,分别提高388.7、45.5 kg/hm~2,增幅分别为4.1%、20.7%;钾素、钾肥利用率分别为53.2%、60.3%,比全量施钾肥处理(2)分别提高15.8%、22.9%;通过二次拟合,得出最大基施钾肥减量占总量的21.7%,可减少基施钾肥35.8 kg/hm~2。[结论]在小麦秸秆全量还田条件下,基施钾肥适当减量对中稻产量有一定增产作用,秸秆中的养分释放可不同程度地减少部分钾肥施用,较大地提高钾素吸收量、钾素利用率、钾肥利用率。     

腐熟剂预处理对水稻秸秆厌氧发酵的影响研究

农作物秸秆中含有大量的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,通常需要预处理后再对其进行厌氧发酵。试验采用腐熟剂对水稻秸秆进行生物预处理,研究了不同预处理时间和腐熟剂的添加量对厌氧发酵效果的影响,分析了发酵过程中产气量、p H和沼气中甲烷含量的变化。结果表明:腐熟剂预处理时间2d、腐熟剂投加量为秸秆用量的0.2%时,发酵前期物料p H下降显著、产气量高。预处理时间过长或腐熟剂添加量过多,会导致易降解有机物的大量消耗,不利于产气量的增加和发酵后期甲烷含量的稳定。     

Contribution of a straw bedding to digestible nutrient intake of pigs fed diets based on either native or pregelatinized potato starch

In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs were assigned to one of two housing systems (straw bedding, S vs. Barren, B) and to one of two starch types (native, N vs. pregelatinized potato starch, P, each included at 35%) to study effects on apparent faecal digestible nutrient intakes. Intake of straw from bedding material was estimated, using several markers, and results are discussed. Straw intake of the S-pigs was estimated between 143 and 234 g DM/d for P-pigs and between 96 and 156 g DM/d for N-pigs, depending on the method used. Nutrient digestibility was reduced in N-pigs when compared with P-pigs. Intake of digestible dry matter, energy, starch and ADF was increased in S-pigs, but the intake of digestible protein was reduced. Despite greatly reduced nutrient digestibility in S-pigs, additional digestible nutrient intake due to housing on a straw bedding can be considerable.     

不同覆盖方式下的西瓜地养分对比研究

对不同覆盖方式下的西瓜地土壤养分进行了对比研究。结果表明:地面增加覆盖物后可以减轻耕层的含盐量使盐分由上层转移到下层,而灌水能使土壤容重增加,其中抑盐效果最好的是地膜覆盖,其次是砂田+地膜覆盖、砂石覆盖次之;在无灌溉水的条件下,养分利用率依次是砂石+地膜覆盖砂石覆盖地膜覆盖,并且0～20cm和20～40cm土层土壤碱解氮和全氮含量最高的覆盖方式是地膜覆盖,最低的是砂石+地膜覆盖。因此,在干旱地区推广发展砂石+地膜覆盖并适当增施肥料,有助于增产增收,保持干旱地区农业的持续发展。     

膜下滴灌棉花土壤温度的动态变化规律

试验研究田间膜下滴灌棉花根际土壤的温度变化表明,覆膜能使土壤明显增温,温度梯度变化使地膜覆盖具有提墒作用。在一日内和棉花整个生育期的温度,膜中明显比膜边和垄沟都偏高,土壤浅层温度增加较快且变幅很大。不同深度土壤温度出现最高温度时间随深度增加而延迟。地温变幅与深度可以拟合成指数函数关系,且膜中14∶00时两者相关性最好。     

底墒对压砂地西瓜生长和产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了底墒差异对西瓜生长和产量以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:播前适宜的底墒(0~100 cm土层储水量在223~238 mm)可以促进西瓜主蔓长的生长、叶片的发生以及提高西瓜叶面积;播前底墒较丰时(0~100 cm土层储水量在283 mm),不利于西瓜前期的生长。与播前不灌水相比,播前灌水造墒处理不同程度地提高了地上部生物量和西瓜产量;其中播前灌水量达到70m3/667m2时,西瓜产量和瓜蔓重最大,分别为1 645 kg/667m2和25.4 kg/667m2,相比播前不灌水处理分别提高了30%和49%。西瓜水分利用效率随播前土壤储水量增加而降低。     

地膜覆盖下豆禾混播草地根系的动态研究

使用差额法连续分层次地对燕麦＋豌豆人工草地的根系在地膜覆盖条件下的生长发育动态进行了研究，结果表明：燕麦根系的58％分布浅，豌豆的77％根系分布在10～20cm深，两者混播后，其根系可有效地互补，且在地膜覆盖条件下互补性增强。同时地膜覆盖后，使根系的分布更浅，根量减少。     

Irrigation Scheduling and Watermelon Yield Model for the Jordan Valley

A crop yield and soil water management simulation model (CRPSM) developed at Utah State University was modified, calibrated and tested using local weather data and field results from a trickle irrigation experiment with different mulching on watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ), carried out at the University of Jordan Research Station, in the Jordan Valley.
Simulated irrigation schedules were then applied with some of the four options provided by the model. The water yield index, WYI, introduced by B attikhi and H ill (1985) to select the most efficient schedule as based on yield and water use efficiency, was then determined. WYI ranged from 27 to 87. The field schedule, WM₂, had a WYI of 62. Whereas, the model provided a much better schedule, WM₇ (WYI = 86). WM₇ requires 17 irrigations of 2.0 cm per irrigation totaling a water supply of 44.1 cm with an irrigation season starting on April 7 to give a yield equivalent to the potential yield, 80.0 MT/ha. On the other hand, the best field schedule, WM₂ under transparent mulch, required 14 irrigations to provide 45.9 cm (including rainfall and soil moisture change), with a season starting on April 28 resulted in a yield of 68.8 MT/ha. So we can see that by using the same amounts of total water supply but with different schedule we can get the potential yield. The model has, therefore, provided few better schedules that can be tested in the field at lower costs before final recommendations are made.