青海省春小麦品种加工品质研究

为了为青海省春小麦品种品质改良提供理论依据,将115份春小麦品种(系)于2000年种植在青海省西宁市,并对其籽粒品质及馒头和面条加工品质进行了评价。结果表明,参试品种(系)筋力较差、评分较低,但品种间变异幅度较大。外引品种如小冰麦33、M99-90、高优503、格兰尼、加5和野猫的馒头和面条品质较好。蛋白质含量和质量对馒头品质的影响较大,在试验Ⅰ中,稳定时间与馒头体积、表面色泽、外观形状和韧性呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0．49、0．58、0．45和0．46。蛋白质质量主要影响面条质地,淀粉特性与面条质地和外观均相关密切,如峰值粘度与适口性、韧性、粘性和光滑性呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0．58、0．61、0．59和0．48。提高蛋白质质量扣淀粉特性有助于改善面条品质。尽管青海的生态条件对面粉颜色、面筋强度和淀粉粘度有较大负面影响,但通过遗传选择提高青海省小麦品种的馒头和面条品质是可能的。     

馒头品质评价方法探析

以参加陕西省1999／2000年度区域试验的19个小麦品系为试验材料，在对其籽粒品质性状和馒头品质的感官评价与质构仪测试的基础上，通过相关分析对馒头品质评价方法、评价指标进行了探讨。研究结果表明，评价馒头品质的主要感官指标为色泽、外观形状；度量指标为体积；质构仪测试指标主要为弹性和回复性；当馒头的感官品质及度量体积较好时，质构仪测试的弹性和回复性数值越高，馒头品质越好。     

河北省主推中低筋小麦品种的馒头加工品质研究

为了解河北省中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质、评选优质馒头小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质进行了测定。结果表明,除容重、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、糊化温度、吸水率外,河北省主栽中低筋小麦品种品质性状的遗传变异范围较大,19个参试小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为78.4分,变化范围67.8~85.7分;达到良好馒头标准(80~90分)的共有9个品种,分别为良星66、石优17、石新828、良星99、科麦1号、永麦1号、邢麦4号、济麦22、和冀丰703。馒头高度与拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、P值和W值极显著正相关,与稳定时间显著正相关;馒头评分与P值和W值极显著正相关;馒头比容与稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力、P值、G值和W值负相关。馒头评分与馒头坚实度极显著负相关,与馒头硬度显著负相关,说明馒头坚实度对馒头感官品质影响较大。     

鲜人参·红参·蒸参水醚溶性成分的GC-MS分析

[目的]对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水中醚溶性成分进行分析,以期为人参及其副产物产品的开发利用提供参考。[方法]采用GC-MS分离测定样品成分。[结果]从鲜人参中分离了94个化合物,鉴定了31个化合物;从红参中分离出95个化合物,鉴定了33个化合物;从蒸参水中分离了24个化合物,鉴定了10个化合物;从鲜人参和红参中鉴定了15种相同的化合物;首次从鲜人参和红参中分离鉴定了具有抗癌活性的镰叶芹醇和具有免疫活性的角鲨烯。[结论]该试验对鲜人参、红参和蒸参水中醚溶性成分进行了比较分析,为人参及其副产物产品的开发利用提供了参考。     

Puroindoline基因对春小麦磨粉及馒头、面条品质的影响

以我国和CIMMYT的41份春小麦品种（系）为材料,研究了puroindoline基因型、SKCS硬度指数、出粉率、面粉灰分含量、面粉色泽（L*、a*和b*）、吸水率、总戊聚糖和水溶性戊聚糖含量以及馒头和面条品质之间的关系。结果表明,5份为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a类型,28份为PINA蛋白缺失（Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a）类型,7份为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型,1份（青春533）为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1c类型。籽粒硬度与面粉吸水率呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.80,而与面粉亮度L*呈极显著负相关,相关系数为－0.77。Puroindoline突变型的硬度值、出粉率、吸水率及馒头重量、体积、宽度和总分均显著高于野生型,PINA蛋白缺失类型（Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a）的籽粒硬度、面粉灰分含量、面粉a*绝对值和水溶型戊聚糖含量均显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型,而馒头外观分和面条软硬度分值则显著低于后者。Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a类型的面条L*值、L*－b*值和软硬度分值显著高于PINA蛋白缺失类型,而馒头外观颜色和面条b*值则显著低于后者。综合分析表明,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型馒头和面条品质略优于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a。     

山西主栽小麦品种蒸煮食品加工性比较

为了解近年山西主栽小麦品种的品质性状及蒸煮面食制品加工适宜性、筛选优质面条和馒头小麦品种,以晋麦95号为对照,对山西省近五年21个主推小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条、馒头加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,山西省近五年主推小麦品种多为中强筋品种,所占比例为63.6%,大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条的小麦品种有15个,占所有品种的68.2%。21个主推小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为82.0分,变化范围77.0～88.5分;达到良好馒头标准(80～90分)的共有14个品种;晋麦92、晋麦47、运旱139-1、运旱805、济麦23、品育8012、运旱618、晋麦101的馒头感官评分均高于对照。面条、馒头感官评分与小麦面粉的形成时间、稳定时间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与弱化度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与质构参数(TPA)的内聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼度均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。山西近五年主推小麦品种有较好的蒸煮加工品质特性。     

Effect of inulin with different degree of polymerization on water redistribution of steamed bread

The aim of this work was to study the influences of three types of inulin with different degree of polymerization on the water state of steamed bread during production and storage. The addition of inulin reduced the moisture content of the dough and facilitated the migration of free water to bound water. In the fermentation process, inulin had little impact on the bound water content in the dough, but could speed up the fermentation process. During the storage time, the freezable water content in steamed bread crumb decreased faster in the presence of inulin. The weaker interaction of freezable water with starch and protein chains became stronger, while the stronger interaction of tightly bound water with starch and protein chains decreased compared to the control. The changes of melting and vaporization enthalpies suggested that inulin could accelerate water migration of steamed bread from the inside to the outside.     

Effect of inulin with different degree of polymerization on plain wheat dough rheology and the quality of steamed bread

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different polymerization degree of inulin on plain wheat dough rheology and quality of steamed bread. It was found the water absorption of dough decreased with the increasing of short-chain (FS) and natural inulin (FI) and increased with the increasing of long-chain inulin (FXL) higher than 7.5%. Three kinds of inulin all increased the development time, stability and farinograph quality number and decreased softening degree of the dough. When proof time was less than 90min, the extensibility increased with the substitution of 5% of FS, 5% of FI and 2.5% of FXL. The resistance to extension, ratio number of resistance to extensibility and energy all increased with the increasing of FS and FI as well as the time. While the energy increased with FXL substation at 45min and dropped thereafter, regardless of the concentration. The addition of inulin all enhanced the brightness, specific volume and hardness of steamed bread and decreased the water content, vaporization enthalpy, springiness, recovery, and cohesiveness. During the storage, inulin reduced the change rates of relative hardness, recovery, and cohesiveness and increased the change rate of relative enthalpy, which restrained the staling rate of steamed bread.     

影响馒头品质的相关指标分析

为给优质馒头专用小麦的培育和馒头品质改良提供参考依据,以来源于北方冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区的128个小麦品种(系)为材料,利用感官评价与质构仪测试相结合的方法,分析影响馒头品质的相关指标。结果表明,馒头感官品质中,除馒头的比容与色泽、结构、弹韧性、黏牙性和气味的相关性不显著外,其他指标间均为极显著正相关;馒头质构指标中,馒头的硬度与内聚性和咀嚼性分别呈极显著负相关和正相关;馒头质构指标中的黏附性、弹性、硬度和咀嚼性与馒头感官品质的相关指标显著相关,可以在一定程度上补充或矫正相关的感官评价分析。同时,筛选出感官品质较好的材料有中优9507、CMT-3T88和陕182等,质构指标较好的材料有扬00-126、新麦19和新春9号等,这些材料适合制作优质手工馒头;尤其是筛选出的感官品质和质构指标均较好的材料Kn3106、川麦107、新春9号和新麦19,可作为小麦优质资源加以利用。参试材料的面粉白度较低(平均值为73.83)且高白度材料较少;面粉白度高于80的小麦品种(系)仅有T21-6和武汉麦,这些材料可作为高白度小麦优质资源加以利用,有助于改良馒头的色泽品质。     

Analysis on residue formation during wood liquefaction with polyhydric alcohol

Liquefactions of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, alkali lignin, and their mixtures were carried out to analyze the reaction process of wood using polyhydric alcohol. The liquefaction of wood proceeded immediately and wood components were converted to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-soluble components. After that, the condensation reaction occurred with increasing reaction time. However, none of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, and alkali lignin condensed by themselves during their liquefaction. The mixture of cellulose and lignin was also liquefied, and condensed after a long reaction time. The results of analysis showed that the behavior of the mixture resembled that of wood with respect to molecular weight distribution and the main functional groups. Lignin was converted to DMF-soluble compounds in the initial stage of wood liquefaction, followed by cellulose gradually being converted into soluble compounds. After that, condensation reactions took place among some parts of depolymerized and degraded compounds from cellulose and lignin, and were converted into DMF-insoluble compounds. It was concluded that the rate-determining step of wood liquefaction was the depolymerization of cellulose. Furthermore, it was suggested that the condensation reaction was due to the mutual reaction among depolymerized cellulose and degraded aromatic derivatives from lignin or due to the nucleophilic displacement reaction of cellulose by phenoxide ion.Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002