广西规模化猪场2种主要排污模式的指标测定

应用常规的化学分析技术,测定了广西地区具有代表性的2个规模化猪场不同污水处理阶段的污染物含量,并与国家排放标准进行比较,研究每个处理环节污染指数的变化,从而为畜牧养殖业节能减排采取针对性的整改措施提供参考。污染物指标包括:悬浮物(SS)、氨氮(NH3-N)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和化学耗氧量(CODcr)。结果表明,2个规模化猪场排出的污水经过一定的污水处理工艺后,猪场1排放的污水不达标,猪场2排放的污水达标;植物塘对污水有明显的净化作用;沉淀调节池和二沉池环节都能有效降低悬浮物(SS)的指标。     

The impact of Theileria parva infections and other factors on calf mean daily weight gains in smallholder dairy farms in Murang'a District, Kenya

The association between mean daily weight gain, Theileria parva infections, clinical East Coast fever and other possible determinants of weight gain were examined in a longitudinal observational study that was conducted in cohorts of female calves from five agro-ecological zone (AEZ)-grazing strata. The strata were upper-midlands (UM) 1 zero-grazing, UM 1 open-grazing, UM 2 zero-grazing, UM 4 zero-grazing and UM 4 open-grazing. In total, 225 calves on 188 smallholder dairy farms were visited within the first 2 weeks of life and thereafter at biweekly intervals up to the age of 6 months between March 1995 and August 1996. During each visit, the calves were weighed and other calf-management practices in the farm during the visit such as housing, feeding and tick control also were recorded. Other events such as morbidity and mortality between or during the visits were also recorded.

The overall mean daily weight gains were 0.24–0.29 kg (S.D.=0.17–0.22 kg) and were lower than the recommended targets for smallholder farms of 0.40–0.50 kg. The major tendency in variability of daily weight gains was due to visit-to-visit variation (especially in calves >3 months old).

Differences in mean daily gains were associated with AEZ-grazing strata and calf-level factors that included breed of calf, calf sickness, incidence of ECF, feeding of milk, concentrate feeds and minerals and interaction between calf age and AEZ-grazing strata (P<0.05). ECF and other calf sicknesses exerted a temporal effect on calf-growth at the height of illness and immediately after; calves later recovered the lost growth except where other factors such as poor calf nutrition prevailed. Improvement in calf-growth in Murang’a District is achievable and extension services should continue to target individual-calf-level management practices.     

The use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in rural Peru

Very little is known about the use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in lower/middle-income countries. The use of these drugs can have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. A survey of 156 farmers was conducted in Cajamarca, a major dairy-producing center in the highlands of Peru characterized by small farms (<15 cows) to assess patterns and determinants of antibiotic use and farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics. The reported incidence of disease on these farms was relatively low (0.571 episodes of disease per cow-year), but more than 83% of the reported episodes were treated with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole drugs; antiparasitic drugs were also used to treat what were likely bacterial infections. An increased incidence of treated disease was significantly associated with smaller farm size, lower farmer income, the previous use of the Californian Mastitis test on the farm and antibiotic knowledge. Farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics was assessed with a series of questions on antibiotics, resulting in a “knowledge score”. Increased knowledge was significantly associated with the use of antibiotics for preventative reasons, the purchase of antibiotics from feed-stores, the experience of complications in animals after having administered antibiotics, the number of workers on the farm and the educational level of the farmer. Overall, antibiotics appeared to be used infrequently, most likely because therapeutic interventions were sought only when the animal had reached an advanced stage of clinical disease. Few farmers were able to define an antibiotic, but many farmers understood that the use of antibiotics carried inherent risks to their animals and potentially to the consumers of dairy products from treated animals. The results of this study are useful for understanding the patterns of antibiotic use and associated management, demographic and knowledge factors of farmers on small dairy farms in rural Peru.     

基于空间分析的森林土壤养分分级方法

为探索一种适用于森林土壤养分分级方法,本研究以广西乐里林场太阳盘分场为研究区域,通过网格化方式布设土壤采样点,分析土壤有效磷含量并进行空间插值,利用森林资源规划数据,提取速生杉木种植小班平均土壤有效磷含量,选取速效氮、速效钾水平中等的小班,计算各小班杉木(Cuninghamiaspp.)年平均生长量,根据相对产量公式计算小班年相对生长量,以"对数"类型拟合年相对生长量与对应土壤养分值之间的关系,分别以相对生长量为50%、75%、90%和95%计算对应的土壤磷素含量,根据计算结果划分土壤磷素丰缺指标,获得该区域土壤有效磷临界值分为2.6、4.0、5.7和6.3,得出研究区杉木林地土壤有效磷分级指标,为制定区域速生林木施肥配方提供研究基础。     

秦安县畜禽养殖废弃物及农作物秸秆资源化利用现状及发展对策

随着畜牧业的快速发展,畜禽废弃物已成为制约畜牧业快速发展的关键性因素,是整治农村人居生活环境与乡村振兴所面临的一大难题。本文通过分析畜禽养殖场废弃物及农作物秸秆资源化利用现状,立足当地资源优势,提出对畜禽废弃物及农作物秸秆进行合理利用的发展对策,通过变废为宝,综合合理利用,农村的人居环境得到显著改善。     

Isolation of Pasteurella haemolytica and correlation with serum antibody response in clinically normal beef calves

Bacteria from the nasal cavity and trachea were cultured, and serum antibody titers determined for Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 in 164 beef calves obtained from a closed herd on range pasture. At the first sampling, P. haemolytica serotype 1 was cultured from 16.4% of the calves. Antibody titers were determined by a quantitative fluorimetric method and the mean titer was 9.5 +/- 5.8. Fifty-seven randomly selected calves were used to study the correlation of serum antibody response and positive culture of P. haemolytica under natural conditions. Clinical signs of respiratory disease were not observed in those calves. During the observation periods, there was a two-fold increase in the percentage of calves that were culture positive. There was no significant difference between mean serum antibody titers or frequency distribution of antibody titers from the two samplings. Comparisons between serum antibody titers, rise in titers, and P. haemolytica isolation failed to reveal any significant correlation. Of the 9 calves that had a decline in antibody titer to P. haemolytica, none was culture positive. Seroconversion to respiratory viruses did not correlate with P. haemolytica related variables.     

梭梭根系的研究

研究内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿左旗吉兰泰地区天然梭梭根系形态特征与生长状况,选取不同龄级标准木,采用全根挖掘法观察根系形态特征、风干称重法计算地上与地下生物量、烘干法(105℃)测定不同深度土壤含水量。结果表明:梭梭垂直根系发达,具有迂回生长的特点;侧根少,水平根系主要分布在50～100cm土层;不同树龄梭梭根系生物量占总生物量的比重变动为35%～40%;梭梭土壤水分稳定层为40～100cm,该层土壤含水量为2%～3%。此外,还对梭梭根长与树高、地下与地上生物量关系进行了研究。     

湟源山坡地梯田退耕还林还草效果研究初报

通过对湟源山坡地梯田退耕还林工程连续9年的定点观测调查,结果表明:在顶坡梯田,所栽植的榆树Ulmus pumila有94%死亡,沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides有19.4%死亡;在中坡梯田,榆树、沙棘的死亡率分别为93%、18.2%;在底坡梯田,榆树、沙棘的死亡率分别为92.7%、18.6%;而柠条Caragana korshinskii在3个坡位梯田中都100%的成活,但长势不旺,而以赖草Leymus secalinus为主的草本植物,通过9年的自然侵入生长,其生物量(干物质)达到850 g/m2以上。同时,对各坡位草本产量增长规律进行了分析论述,建立了3个坡位草本产量与生长年限回归方程,中坡：y=78.033+102.473 3x;底坡:y=67.333+102.253 3x;顶坡:y=54.244 4+101.92x;如实评估了坡地梯田退耕还草后的经济效益。     

规模化猪场粪污处理技术研究进展

我国规模化猪场的兴起与粪污处理的相对滞后，使养殖业对环境的污染日益严重，畜牧场的污染问题已越来越受到人们的关注和重视。通过营养调控的方式可以提高动物对养分利用率，从而减少动物代谢废物的排泄量，但动物的粪污排泄量仍大大超出环境的承受能力，因此必须加强猪场废弃物和污水的综合治理。本文就国内外粪污处理技术和(粪)污水处理的工艺等方面研究近况作一综述。     

大通县长宁镇退耕还林(草)后续产业探讨

分析了退耕还林(草)现状,结果表明,退耕还林草的后续产业发展不足,提出发展退耕还林草的后续产业对策。