适应玉米的溶磷细菌筛选及其对玉米生长的影响

从石灰性土壤中分离获得4株高效溶磷细菌X5、X6、Z4和Z8,研究其生物学特征,探索其单独及复合的溶磷促生潜能。研究发现菌株X5、X6、Z4和Z8均可以利用玉米根系分泌物作碳源生长。菌株X6和Z4均能产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)和铁载体,菌株Z8可产生IAA不产生铁载体,菌株X5可产生铁载体不产生IAA。盆栽试验结果表明,接种单一溶磷菌及4株菌复合处理均可促进玉米生长,但复合菌群的溶磷促生效果显著高于单一菌株。通过16S r RNA基因序列分析研究菌株的分类地位,初步鉴定X5、X6、Z4、Z8分别为荧光假单孢菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、草假单胞菌(Pseudomonas poae)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

等高犁耕朝向对紫色土坡面土壤再分布的影响

选择一块坡长15 m、坡度14.16%的坡地,采用磁性示踪法分析等高向下犁耕（向下坡方向翻垈）和等高向上犁耕（向上坡方向翻垈）的土壤再分布特征,利用模拟耕作（15次）检验两种等高犁耕的长期作用下对土壤剖面和微地貌演化的影响。结果表明:等高向下犁耕导致土壤发生向下坡移动,土壤位移量为15.62～28.70 kg/m,坡度对其影响不显著（p=0.93）;等高向上犁耕导致土壤同时发生向下坡和向上坡移动,土壤净位移量为-10.91～8.23 kg/m,坡度对其有显著影响（p < 0.001）,土壤净位移方向随着坡度的增大由向上坡转为向下坡,本研究条件下临界坡度为14%;等高向下犁耕15次后坡顶侵蚀深度是原土层深度的132%,耕作后土层深度与耕作深度相当,表明等高向下犁耕加速土壤侵蚀和促进母岩成土的双重作用共同维持着坡顶土层深度的稳定;等高向上犁耕15次后坡顶土层深度增加了12.7%,表明等高向上犁耕具有保护坡顶土层深度的作用。等高向上犁耕是一种防治类似紫色土的薄层土壤耕作侵蚀和土壤退化的有效措施。     

不同贮藏条件下荷花粉脂质氧化与色泽降解动力学模型

为了减少干燥后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质的劣变,该研究选用可真空和避光的包装材料,分别研究了30 d贮藏过程中温度(4、20、30℃)、光照(避光、非避光)和氧气(真空、常压)对荷花粉黄色度值(b*值)、过氧化氢值(peroxide value,POV)和硫代苯巴比妥酸反应底物值(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBArs)变化动力学的影响;同时,采用零阶和一阶数学模型对试验数据进行模拟。结果表明:贮藏温度对荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变具有显著影响。在避光真空包装条件下,温度为20和30℃贮藏30 d,与4℃贮藏条件相比,荷花粉黄色度值显著降低(P0.05),POV值和TBArs值显著上升(P0.05);贮藏温度为4℃,真空包装贮藏发现,光照对荷花粉POV值的影响不显著(P0.05),但明显加快了脂质氧化的传播速度,非避光条件下贮藏30 d,TBArs值上升了7.42 mg/kg;零阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中脂质TBArs值的变化,一阶模型可较好的预测荷花粉贮藏过程中黄色度和脂质POV值的变化规律。研究结果为脱水后荷花粉贮藏过程中品质劣变规律的探索及贮藏条件的选择提供了一定的基础。     

希拉穆仁草原退化评价及地表风蚀颗粒表征

经过对希拉穆仁草原围封、自由放牧草地及旅游区进行实地调查,结合内蒙古自治区第5次荒漠化和沙化监测实施细则,根据植被盖度和生物量等指标对草原进行了退化诊断与评价,并在此基础上研究了不同退化程度的地表粗粒组成。结果表明:希拉穆仁草原围封草地以轻度退化为主,自由放牧区以中度退化为主,但在坡顶出现重度退化,旅游区退化程度最为严重,均为重度退化区;可以以土壤颗粒0.84mm的百分比含量作为草原退化的判别标准,当其含量在82.22%~89.04%范围内为重度退化,含量在74.01%~79.53%为中度退化,含量在56.05%~66.11%为轻度退化。该指标能够直观、实时地反映草原的退化状况,且具有简便、快速诊断的生产应用性。     

基于脆弱性和退化驱动力分析的环境质量评价

 针对淮河流域伏牛山区不同区域的自然环境及社会经济特征,以县级行政区为评价单元,建立环境质量评价指标体系,然后使用层次分析法评价该地区环境脆弱性,并在同一指标体系下采用主成分分析法分析影响该区环境脆弱性的驱动力。结果表明:中度、强度和极强度脆弱区占淮河流域伏牛山区总面积的2/3以上,主要分布在研究区的中东部地区,而轻度和微度脆弱区分布在西部和南部的山区;影响该区环境脆弱性的6大驱动力为土地过度垦殖、土壤密度与枯落物量、降雨量、农业发展与产业结构水平、地形与植被覆盖、文化素质。     

Short-term population dynamics of ammonia oxidizing bacteria in an agricultural soil

Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) control the rate limiting step of nitrification, the conversion of ammonia (NH₄⁺) to nitrite (NO₂⁻). The AOB therefore have an important role to play in regulating soil nitrogen cycling. Tillage aerates the soil, stimulating rapid changes in soil N cycling and microbial communities. Here we report results of a study of the short term responses of AOB and net nitrification to simulated tillage and NH₄⁺ addition to soil. The intensively farmed vegetable soils of the Salinas Valley, California, provide the context for this study. These soils are cultivated frequently, receive large N fertilizer inputs and there are regional concerns about groundwater N concentrations. An understanding of N dynamics in these systems is therefore important. AOB population sizes were quantified using a real-time PCR approach. In a 15 day experiment AOB populations, increased rapidly following tillage and NH₄⁺ addition and persisted after the depletion of soil NH₄⁺. AOB population sizes increased to a similar degree, over a 1.5-day period, irrespective of the amount of NH₄⁺ supplied. These data suggest selection of an AOB community in this intensively farmed and C-limited soil, that rapidly uses NH₄⁺ that becomes available. These data also suggest that mineralization may play an especially important role in regulating AOB populations where NH₄⁺ pool sizes are very low. Methodological considerations in the study of soil AOB communities are also discussed.     

Influence of water potential on nitrification and structure of nitrifying bacterial communities in semiarid soils

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between soil water potential, nitrifier community structure and nitrification activity in semiarid soils. Soils were collected after a 5-month dry period (end of summer) and subsequently rewetted to specific water potentials and incubated for 7 days prior to analysis of nitrification activity and nitrifier community structure. The approach used in this study targeted a 491bp segment of the amoA gene which encodes the active site of the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme, which is the key enzyme for all aerobic ammonia oxidisers. amoA serves as a useful target for environmental studies since it is both specific and universal for all ammonia oxidisers and reflects the phylogeny of the ammonia oxidisers. Our results suggest that in semiarid soils water potential plays a key role in determining the structure of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), and that additionally AOB community structure is correlated to potential nitrification rate in these soils.     

土地退化/恢复中土壤可蚀性动态变化

利用EPIC公式计算了不同开垦和退耕年限的土壤可蚀性K值,对黄土高原典型自然恢复区子午岭林区土地退化/恢复过程中土壤可蚀性的动态变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明：土地开垦后,土壤颗粒向粗骨化方向发展,有机碳含量降低,土壤可蚀性逐渐增强;土地退耕过程中,土壤有机碳含量逐渐增加,肥力水平提高,可蚀性逐渐减小;土壤中有机碳含量、全氮含量、水稳性团聚体含量以及团聚度与土壤可蚀性K值相关最为密切;土壤可蚀性的强弱本质上取决于土壤有机碳含量,恢复植被以提高土壤有机质含量,促进土壤团聚体的形成,增强土壤团聚度,是降低土壤可蚀性能的重要途径。     

Population size and specific potential of P-mineralizing and -solubilizing bacteria under long-term P-deficiency fertilization in a sandy loam soil

The effects of organic manure, mineral fertilizer (NPK), and P-deficiency fertilization (NK) on the individual biomass of young wheat plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization in wheat root systems, population sizes of soil organic phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (OPMB) and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria (IPSB) as well as soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potential were investigated in a long-term (18-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included five treatments: organic manure, an equal mixture of organic manure and mineral fertilizer, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NK, and the control (without fertilization). Plant biomass, population sizes of soil OPMB and IPSB were greatly increased (P<0.05) by the application of organic manure and slightly increased by the balanced application of mineral fertilizer, while undiminished AM colonization in wheat root system was only observed in the case of the NK treatment. Compared to balanced fertilization, P-deficiency fertilization resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of OPMB-specific mineralization potential (soil P-mineralization potential per OPMB cell) and highest IPSB-specific solubilization potential (soil P-solubilization potential per IPSB cell), suggesting that OPMB and IPSB are likely more metabolically active in P-deficiency fertilized soils after long-term fertilizer management, and mycorrhizal plants are more dependent on AM in P-poor soils than in P-fertilized soils. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer versus organic manure on soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potentials, as well as specific potentials of OPMB and IPSB in arable soils.     

复合菌剂对玉米秸秆的降解及土壤生态特性的影响

还田玉米秸秆降解过程中施加含有植物内生真菌的复合菌剂,在盆栽条件下研究了该菌剂对还田秸秆的降解作用,对土壤生态以及后季作物小麦生长的影响。结果表明:添加复合菌剂能够促进玉米秸秆的降解,在前30 d时效果最显著,尤其是木质素的降解,两种复合菌剂处理组木质素降解率分别比市购秸秆腐熟剂高117.36%和242.70%;施用菌剂会显著增加小麦生长早期土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶的活性,增加小麦生长早期土壤微生物数量;改善土壤理化性质,提高小麦成熟后土壤中的全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾的含量;显著改善小麦生长状况,小麦返青拔节期叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,收获小麦单株生物量和单株产量也有所增加。