向日葵菌核病接种方法及品种抗病性鉴定

为建立有效的向日葵菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,以核盘菌菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液作为接种物,分别对抗、感向日葵品种在现蕾期、始花期和盛花期进行人工接种,并对接种后保湿材料和保湿时间进行比较。试验结果表明:两种接种物均可使向日葵抗、感品种产生盘腐症状。用菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液接种时,浓度分别为10.0~15.0g/L和200~500个/mL,始花期接种,牛皮纸袋保湿2~4d,即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。用此方法鉴定出13个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。     

水貂阿留申病毒的分子生物学研究进展

从水貂阿留申病毒(ADV)基因组特点出发,就阿留申病毒的分子生物学研究进展作以简单综述。     

30个紫花苜蓿品种对苜蓿花叶病毒病的田间抗性初步研究

为了比较不同紫花苜蓿品种对病毒病的抗性,对30个紫花苜蓿品种的病毒病发病情况进行了田间调查,利用小RNA深度测序技术结合RT-PCR技术检测鉴定各紫花苜蓿品种中的病毒种类,并测定了各紫花苜蓿品种的发病率、病情指数、相对株高、相对单株干重、相对茎秆直径、相对叶面积、相对叶长和相对叶宽,综合比较各紫花苜蓿品种的抗性,并对部分指标进行系统聚类分析。结果表明:30个紫花苜蓿品种均只受到苜蓿花叶病毒(alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV)的侵染,所有紫花苜蓿品种的田间发病率均超过94%,病情指数范围为31.53～55.50;30个紫花苜蓿品种中,抗性较强的品种有1个,为射手2号,抗性一般的品种有6个,其余23个品种的抗性较差,分别占供试品种的3.33%,20.00%和76.67%;聚类分析结果表明,抗性较强的射手2号与其他紫花苜蓿品种的亲缘关系较远,与其杂交有可能产生较大的杂种优势。     

Clinical and pathologic features of acute bovine liver disease in Australia

Acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) is a sporadic hepatic disease affecting cattle in southern Australia, characterized histologically by striking periportal hepatocellular necrosis. The cause of ABLD is unknown; however, the seasonality and acute presentation of outbreaks suggest mycotoxin involvement. We describe here the clinical and pathologic findings of ABLD in 45 naturally affected cattle from 13 outbreaks occurring from 2010 to 2019 in Victoria, Australia. Outbreaks occurred in herds located along the southern coastal plain of Victoria and were observed most frequently in lactating dairy cattle. Clinical signs commonly included a combination of mild photosensitization, progressive neurologic signs, and hypogalactia, which preceded death by ≤ 48 h. All affected animals had marked elevations in activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. At autopsy, the most common lesions were serosal petechiae and/or gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hepatomegaly with a pronounced hepatic reticular pattern. The principal histologic lesion was widespread—severe periportal hepatocellular coagulative necrosis and erythrocyte pooling—which often extended to massive necrosis. Lesions in other organs were uncommon. Our study of ABLD suggests involvement of a potent hepatotoxin that is either directly cytopathic or requires bioactivation by periportal-specific enzymes.     

不同辐照剂量对蜂球囊菌杀灭效果的影响

本试验以蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)为研究对象,探究不同辐照剂量对蜂球囊菌的杀灭效果,以期明确有效杀灭蜂球囊菌的最低辐照剂量,为Co60γ射线辐照蜜蜂饲料(特别是蜂花粉)时的辐照剂量选择提供依据。利用细菌纯化技术从患白垩病意蜂幼虫体内分离纯化得到蜂球囊菌,并结合形态学、乳酸酚棉兰染色及5.8SrDNA序列分析技术进行鉴定;同时制备不同梯度浓度的蜂球囊菌孢子悬液加入到蜜蜂幼虫饲料中,以饲喂方式侵染3日龄意蜂幼虫,确定半数致死浓度(LC50);蜜蜂幼虫饲料中添加上述确定LC50的孢子,以不同辐照剂量处理,并通过侵染幼虫试验,确定有效杀灭蜜蜂饲料中孢子的最低辐照剂量。结果表明,通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定,从患白垩病的意蜂幼虫体内分离纯化得到真菌即为蜜蜂白垩病的病原——蜂球囊菌;蜂球囊菌对人工饲养条件下的意蜂幼虫的LC50为9.5×104个/mL;当Co60γ射线辐照剂量为7.0kGy时,幼虫患病率与未辐照组差异显著(P0.05),由此确定对添加半数致死浓度的蜂球囊菌孢子饲料的最低有效辐照剂量为7.0kGy。     

广西山羊蓝舌病血清学调查及流行区域分布的影响因素分析

为了解广西地区山羊蓝舌病(BT)流行现状,本研究采用免疫扩散试验对采自广西11个地区的3 646份山羊血清进行BT血清学调查,结果表明,广西地区山羊群普遍存在BT感染,并且血清阳性率存在地域性差异,阳性率为6.3%～45.1%,平均阳性率为20.5%。对不同生长阶段山羊的血清阳性率进行统计,结果显示成年羊的阳性率高于羔羊,分别为22.1%和17.4%,这可能与成年羊接触媒介昆虫的机会较多有关。对BT流行区域分布与地理位置和气候等自然因素之间的相关性分析表明,广西山羊BT血清阳性率与地理位置有一定相关性,与年平均气温显著相关,与年平均降雨量无显著相关性,由此可见,地理位置和气温是BT流行病学的影响因素。     

新城疫病毒F48E9株M和NP基因的原核表达

根据新城疫病毒（NDV）F48E9国内标准强毒株编码序列设计了2对特异性引物,分别用于扩增M和NP基因。经序列测定,将其克隆到原核表达载体pET-30a（＋）上,转化E．coliBL21（DE3）,筛选表达NDVF48E9株M蛋白和NP蛋白的菌株。IPTG诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,NDVM蛋白在E．coliBL21（DE3）内以可溶形式存在,而NP蛋白以包涵体的形式表达。用纯化的M和NP蛋白免疫鸡制备超免疫血清,进行Western-blot分析;结果,它们可以与真核表达系统表达的M和NP蛋白以及NDV发生特异性反应,表明,原核表达系统表达的NDVM和NP蛋白具有良好的免疫原性和反应原性。     

A survey of Newcastle disease in Swiss laying-hen flocks using serological testing and simulation modelling

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of birds particularly domestic poultry. Switzerland is currently declared free from ND; since vaccination is prohibited, the detection of antibodies against ND virus (NDV) results in the destruction of the respective flock (stamping-out policy). However, in 1995 and 1996, antibody-positive flocks were detected and sporadic ND outbreaks even occurred in Switzerland. Therefore, a serosurvey was done to look for evidence of NDV infections in Swiss laying-hen flocks. The survey was designed to provide 95% confidence of detecting at least one seropositive flock if the flock prevalence were 1%. Thirty blood samples from each of 260 commercial laying-hen flocks were collected during 1996 in a central poultry slaughterhouse. Sera were screened for NDV antibodies with a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples with a questionable or positive test result were retested with the same ELISA. A stochastic computer model was applied to define a cut-off number of test-positive samples to help to differentiate between true- and false-positive flocks and to estimate the true flock prevalence of infection. Four flocks were identified as NDV-seropositive and the NDV true seroprevalence among commercial laying-hen flocks in Switzerland was most likely between 1.35 and 1.55%. This indicates that Swiss laying-hen and parental flocks with more than 150 animals have been in contact with strains of NDV that cause subclinical infection in chicken, because no clinical symptoms have been observed. In this context, computer simulation was a useful technique to interpret survey results.     

我国气候因素的变化对奶牛生产的影响

在分析我国气候因素变化的基础上,着重阐述了气候因子对我国奶牛采食,饲料利用率,产奶量和乳成分,奶牛的繁殖力,日增重及发病率等生产性能的影响。结果表明,高温高湿是奶牛生产的主要环境因子。作者不提出了控制奶牛环境的若干措施。