透射式探地雷达探测土壤含水率

探地雷达可以进行土壤含水率的快速探测,但普通反射式雷达容易受反射层位难确定的影响造成探测误差。该研究使用透射式探地雷达对不饱和含水壤土及砂土所构建的物理模型进行透射式探测,通过起跳时间对比标定的方法,精确计算了介质中雷达波波速和土壤的相对介电常数。最后通过统计分析,发现以Topp模型公式形式为基础的三次多项式具有最高拟合优度,并修正了Topp公式中的参数后,分别建立起非饱和壤土和砂土体积含水率与介电常数的经验公式及其适用范围。最后,通过试验对比验证了该方法对砂土含水率的测量相对误差为13.20%,较时域反射TDR(time domain reflectometry)方法低14.34%,壤土为9.48%,较TDR方法低15.79%,测量精度明显高于TDR方法。因此该方法可替代TDR方法用于特定条件下土壤含水率的准确检测。     

碳氮稳定同位素检测能力的验证——2013年实验室间比对分析结果的汇总

稳定性同位素示踪技术,特别是碳、氮稳定性同位素已广泛地应用于农业化学、地球化学和环境化学。碳、氮同位素比值的质谱检测结果直接关系到示踪试验的可靠性。在目前缺乏富集碳、氮同位素的标准物质的条件下,通过实验室间的比对可以验证各实验室对碳、氮同位素比值检测能力、检测结果的准确性和可比性。我所在2013年组织和实施了一次由全国14个单位的检测实验室共17台仪器参加的农业、生态和环境样品中碳氮百分含量及其稳定性同位素比值的实验室间比对。我所制备了多种被检测的样品,有含碳氮的化学肥料、土壤和植物样品;在稳定性同位素富集度上,有自然丰度的和不同富集程度的同位素样品。除固体样品外,还有3种不同丰度的N2O和CO2气体样品。在进行检测结果的统计和评价时,采用Z比分衡量各实验室检测结果的可信度。本文汇总了2013年实验室间比对的结果。     

典型岩溶地下河系统不同水体中硝酸盐时空分布规律及其影响因素分析

岩溶地下河在西南地区分布极广,作为当地重要的生活和生产水源,近年来遭受了不同程度的污染,其中硝酸盐污染是岩溶地下河面临的最突出最普遍的问题之一。且由于岩溶地区含水层的高度非均质性,使得硝酸盐的分布及其形成规律很难通过模拟手段揭示。本文选取广西柳州市大良镇官村的典型岩溶地下河系统作为研究对象,分别于丰水期和枯水期系统采集不同水体样品。通过水化学及氢氧同位素示踪和统计分析等方法,分析硝酸盐浓度及稳定同位素的变化特征。结果表明,该岩溶地下河系统中,丰水期和枯水期硝酸盐浓度变化趋势一致,上湖洞到下湖洞段硝酸盐浓度逐渐升高,下湖洞到地下河出口硝酸盐浓度呈降低趋势;水体明显受到人为活动的影响,水体中的硝酸盐主要来自农业源和生活源,农业源的输入对水体中硝酸盐浓度的影响较强;由于不同季节地下河系统硝酸盐来源的差异及补给水的不同,使地下河系统不同水体的氢氧同位素特征和硝酸盐浓度分布呈现明显的季节性差异,丰水期水体中硝酸盐平均浓度大于枯水期硝酸盐平均浓度;受外源硝酸盐输入、不同补给水的混合作用及还原作用的影响,岩溶地下河系统中不同水体的硝酸盐浓度分布亦呈现明显的空间差异性。本研究通过示踪的方法分析了硝酸盐在岩溶地下河系统中的时空分布规律及其影响因素,对岩溶地区面源污染防治策略的形成具有重要意义。     

车辆倾翻试验台的设计与应用

介绍了机动车倾翻试验的必要性,并对新开发的车辆倾翻试验台进行阐述,提出了一种新型的测量机动车倾翻稳定角的方法。     

钾解吸动力学方程及方程常数的应用

Elovich,parabolic diffusion,power function and exponential equations were used to describe K desorption kinetics of 12 soils in a constant electric field of electro-ultrafiltration(EUF),Results showed that the Elovich,parabolic diffusion and power function equations could describe K desorption kinetics well owing to their high correlation coefficients and low standard errors;but the exponential equation was not suitable to be used in this study due to its relatively low correlation coefficients and relatively high standard errors.This work established successfully the relationships between the constants(slope or intercept)of kinetic equations and the barley responses to K fertilizer in the multiple-site field experiments and K-supplying status of soilsk,the constants of Elovich,parabolic diffusion and power function equations were very significantly or significantly correlated to the soil available K,relative yield of barley and K uptake of barley in NP plot.It was suggested that the kinetic equation constants could be used to estimate K-supplying power of soils.     

Influence of extractable iron,aluminium, and manganese on P-sorption in flooded acid sulfate soils

We evaluated the effect of 1 N NH₄OAc and sodium-citrate dithionite extractable forms of soil Fe, Al, and Mn on P-sorption of a flooded acid sulfate soil (Sulfic Tropaquepts) and a non-acid sulfate soil (Typic Tropaquepts) under different soil oxidation-reduction and pH conditions. We used Maha-Phot soil (Sulfic Tropaquepts) and Bangkok soil (Typic Tropaquepts) from the Bangkok Plain, Thailand, and incubated them with 0.2% rice straw under aerobic (O₂ atmosphere) and anaerobic (N₂ atmosphere) conditions at three different levels of pH (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0) for 6 weeks in stirred soil suspensions with a soil to 0.01 M CaCl₂ solution ratio of 1:7. After the incubation period, the soil suspensions in the first treatment (control) were not washed or pretreated with any extractants. For the second treatment (II), the soil suspensions were treated with 1 N NH₄OAc (buffered to pH 4.0) to remove Fe, Al, and Mn in exchangeable form. In the third treatment (III), the soils suspensions were treated with sodium citrate dithionite solution (20%) to remove Fe, Al, and Mn in the form of free oxides. The soil residues were then equilibrated with KH₂PO₄ ranging from 0 to 500 mg P kg^-1 soil. Sorption isotherms were described by the classical Langmuir equation. The P-sorption parameters under study were standard P requirement (SPR), Langmuir maximum sorption capacity (X _m), Langmuir sorption constant (k), and buffering index (BI). Treating soils with 1 N NH₄OAc reduced X _m by 32–55%, SPR by 68–84%, and also decreased the differences in P-sorption due to the effects of pH and oxidation-reduction conditions. Significant correlations between the P-sorption parameters and the amount of free iron oxides indicated the primary role of iron oxides in P-sorption of acid sulfate soils. Aluminium oxides seemed to play a secondary role in P-sorption of these soils. Manganese also showed an important effect on P-sorption, but the mechanism is ambiguous.This is a contribution from the Wetland Biogeochemistry Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7511     

估算有机化合物土壤吸着系数Koc的片段常数法

根据５９２种有机化合物实测Ｋｏｃ数据,研究了用片段常数法估算有机化合物土壤吸着系数的可能性。将５９２种化合物随机划分为建模组和验证组。前者用于模型建立,后者用于模型检验。计算结果证明,包括７４种结构片段和２４个结构校正因子的回归模型能够很好的预测有机化合物的吸着系数。对所有５９２种化合物而言,模型原可决系数高达０．９６９６,估算结果的平均绝对误差仅为０．３７个对数单位。     

凸轮-柱塞高压供油系统等压泵油特性研究

凸轮型线直接影响压油柱塞的运动规律,从而影响其泵油特性,是高压供油系统设计的关键。以电控单体泵(EUP)为研究对象,采用实验和仿真相结合的方法研究了凸轮型线与泵端压力间的动态关系,结果表明:在一定脉宽范围内,采用等速凸轮的柱塞泵峰值压力随喷油脉宽的增加而增加,但其增速随脉宽的增加逐渐变小,当喷油脉宽足够长时,压力将趋于一定值;采用降速凸轮的柱塞泵,利用压力先增大后减小的特性可以在较短的喷油脉宽内达到近似等压状态。最后以等压泵油特性为目标,提出了不同匹配转速下降速凸轮工作段加速度的计算方法,并为某型发动机匹配设计了供油凸轮型线,获得了良好的等压供油特性和最大循环喷油量。     

不同类型土壤介电常数与体积含水量经验关系研究

利用土壤介电性质间接确定土壤体积含水量的方法已广泛应用于相关的学科领域。本研究通过土柱试验,针对我国潮土、风沙土、红壤、水稻土等4种典型土壤,对8种质地土壤介电常数与体积含水量的经验关系展开了研究,修正了Topp(1980)关系式,并确定了Herkelrath关系式校正参数a、b值。结果表明,Topp(1980)关系式对砂壤性潮土、粉砂质黏性潮土、风沙土、黏性红壤含水量的预测误差较大;Topp拟合关系式虽然对Topp(1980)关系式有所优化,但效果仍然不甚理想,在含水量的不同范围有时误差较大,特别是对黏性红壤含水量的预测效果较差;Herkelrath拟合关系式对试验的4种类型土壤含水量的预测效果均较好,可以作为相关应用的优先选择;三种关系式对两种质地的水稻土含水量均有很好的预测效果,平均绝对误差小于0.03 cm3cm-3。