No-Tillage Enhanced the Dependence on Surface Irrigation Water in Wheat and Soybean

Abstract

No-tillage often affects crop root development due to the higher mechanical impedance to root elongation, resulting in yield reduction under an unfavorable rainfall pattern, such as drought. In this study, we analyzed the changes in water source of wheat and soybean under drought stress in a continuous no-tillage field. Deuterium-labeled irrigation water was applied at different growth stages of crops to analyze their water uptake pattern. Mechanical impedance of the surface soil was 3.5 and 4.4 times higher in the no-tillage than in the conventional tillage under wet and drought conditions, respectively. Root length density and root branching index (the length of lateral roots per unit axile root length) of soybean in the surface soil layer were higher in the no-tillage field. This indicates that the increased branching by the higher mechanical impedance of undisturbed surface soil causes roots to accumulate in the surface soil layer. The deuterium concentration in the xylem sap of both crops was significantly higher in the no-tillage than in the tillage under a drought condition. This indicates that the crops in the no-tillage field depend highly on the newly supplied easily accessible water (irrigation water and/or rainfall) as compared with those in the conventional tillage field under a limited water supply. In conclusion, enhanced surface root growth in the no-tillage condition would result in higher dependence on surface supplied irrigation water than in the conventional tillage under drought.     

Integrated biomonitoring of airborne pollutants over space and time using tree rings,bark, leaves and epiphytic lichens

The integrated use of tree rings and outer tissues, and lichens, was tested for monitoring how pollutant concentrations vary in space and over time nearby an incinerator in industrial area in Central Italy. Trace elements in thalli of lichen Xanthoria parietina and in leaves, bark, wood of Quercus pubescens, as well as carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotope ratios in tree rings were analyzed. Some trace elements in the leaves differed significantly between the plots, though this was not the case in lichens and bark. The values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O showed the same trend in all plots, while the values of δ¹⁵N were higher in the distal plot. The results indicated that trace elements were intercepted and collected by tree bark and leaves, as well as lichens, at low concentrations, and that they hardly entered into tree xylem tissues during the growing season to be stored into the woody tissues. Indeed, the study did not highlight marked changes over time and space, in accumulation of airborne pollutants in the selected biomonitors, most probably due to the low levels of industrial development. Nevertheless, the analysis of tree ring cores in combination with bark and leaves, and lichens might potentially contribute to depict historic impacts of airborne pollutants at pronounced concentrations.     

南沙群岛西南部陆架区底层鱼类营养结构研究

根据2017年夏季和2018年冬季于大亚湾海域进行的底拖网渔业生物调查,该研究采用碳、氮稳定同位素 (δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N) 技术,分析了大亚湾渔业生物的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N基本特征,构建了连续营养级谱,并探讨了不同季节渔业生物营养结构的差异。结果显示,大亚湾海域渔业生物的δ¹³C介于−19.66‰~−15.19‰,均值为 (−17.26±0.86)‰;δ¹⁵N介于11.63‰~16.01‰,均值为(13.59±0.96)‰。以小型浮游动物的δ¹⁵N平均值作为基准构建渔业生物营养级谱,发现大亚湾海域渔业生物的营养级介于2.99~4.28,鱼类的营养级跨度最广,食性较复杂。运用SIBER模型计算了渔业生物的7个营养结构量化指标,发现部分生物摄食共同的饵料,存在生态位重叠现象。此外,夏季群落营养冗余度比冬季低。     

损伤对苹果电参数值的影响

为了探索以电学特性识别损伤果品的方法,以富士苹果为对象进行了撞击和静压损伤对苹果电参数值影响的试验。结果表明,在苹果发生损伤后0．5h内,其相对介电常数和电阻率急剧变化,3h后趋于稳定,而同期无损苹果的相对介电常数和电阻率基本保持不变。储藏期间,撞击损伤苹果的相对介电常数持续增大并出现跃变;静压损伤苹果的相对介电常数迅速增大后保持不变,而无损苹果的相对介电常数一直保持增大趋势。     

9种介电类水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度及校准模型比较

【目的】比较不同水分传感器对风沙土含水率的测定精度,并建立校准模型,为旱区农业水土资源的高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】以METER、Acclima和Truebners三大制造商生产的9种介电类水分传感器为对象,以典型风沙土为供试土壤,通过室内校准试验比较各种传感器对土壤含水率的测定精度,评估其在风沙土上的适用范围、准确度、精密度及其影响因素,并构建不同传感器测定风沙土含水率的校准模型,比较不同校准模型的精度。【结果】（1）默认模型下,与其他传感器相比,MAS-1和EC-5的测定精度较高,其均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.020和0.027,平均偏差误差（MBE）分别为0.016和0.024,斜率（k值）分别为0.943 3和0.940 3,决定系数（R²）分别为0.926和0.938。（2）土壤含水率范围影响传感器的测定精度。各传感器在低含水率下的RMSE平均值比中、高含水率分别减小了40.9%和42.6%,MBE平均值减小了61.8%和59.9%,而R²平均值提高了0.7%和11.3%。其中,低含水率时EC-5和TDR-315H的精度较高,而中、高含水率下MAS-1的精度均较高。对于含水率相同的土壤,各传感器的测定结果差异较大,且含水率越高差异越大。（3）与默认模型相比,校准模型的RMSE和MBE平均减小了48.8%和72.6%,纳什系数(NSE)和R²提高了70.7%和4.5%。经模型校准后,5TE和TEROS-12测定精度的增幅最大,而TDR-315H的测定精度相对最高。此外,传感器测定的风沙土含水率默认值与校准值具有较高的拟合精度,通过模型转换可实现对默认值的二次校准。【结论】综合评估测定精度、使用寿命和售价,MAS-1、EC-5和TDR-315H可作为风沙土含水率监测的优先传感器备选,且利用风沙土的校准模型对传感器进行标定十分重要。     

不同金属离子对稻田自然生物膜磷酸酶活性的影响

以稻田自然生物膜为研究对象,研究不同浓度金属离子对生物膜酸性和碱性磷酸单酯酶(ACPase和ALPase)活性与酶反应动力学参数的影响。发现K⁺和Na⁺在0～1.0 mmol/L浓度下均对ACPase和ALPase无明显影响,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺对ACPase和ALPase活性均有激活效应,可使磷酸酶活性最大提高14.1%和46.7%;Zn²⁺、Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺、Al³⁺和Ag⁺对ACPase和ALPase活性均有抑制作用。Co²⁺在低浓度时对ACPase和ALPase活性有一定的激活作用,高浓度时变为抑制作用;Cr⁶⁺在0.1 mmol/L时对ACPase活性有促进作用,而在离子浓度0.25～1 mmol/L的范围内,均对ACPase活性产生抑制作用。通过酶反应动力学分析发现,Mg²⁺的加入使ACPase与底物的亲和力与催化...     

干旱区盐渍土介电常数特性研究与模型验证

常用的土壤介电模型一般都是针对非盐渍化土壤提出来的,对于干旱区盐渍化土壤,模型对于介电常数虚部的描述与实际测量情况有一定差距。为了更好地深入研究干旱区盐渍化土壤介电常数特性,该文选择盐渍土介电模型（修正的含水含盐土壤Dobson介电模型）作为典型研究区盐渍化土壤介电常数的基础模型,模拟分析土壤介电常数对模型参数的响应,在野外实测数据的支持下验证了盐渍土介电模型的适用性。研究结果表明：1）在低频区域（0.5＜f＜5 GHz）土壤介电常数对土壤体积含水量、含盐量的响应十分明显;2）土壤介电常数实部对土壤体积含水量的响应非常显著,线性拟合方程的相关系数R高于0.95,土壤含水量的大小直接决定着土壤介电常数实部的高低;3）土壤介电常数虚部对土壤含盐量的响应明显,线性拟合方程的相关系数R在0.86左右,可以认为土壤含盐量决定着土壤介电常数虚部的高低。研究证明利用土壤介电常数监测土壤含盐量、含水量和土壤盐渍化程度具有一定的潜力,通过盐渍土介电模型反演土壤含盐量是可行的。     

滴灌系统水位控制方式及常用控制装置

讨论了水位控制系统的两种类型及若干种常用水位控制装置,阐述了其控制原理,认为在低压滴灌系统中应采用恒水位控制装置,并且应根据实际需要选择适合用户需求的控制方式。     

桑青尺蠖发育起点温度和有效积温研究

研究了桑青尺蠖各个虫态及全世代的发育起点温度 (C)和有效积温 (K) ,结果表明 ,该虫卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫及全世代的发育起点温度分别为 8 38、11 34、2 81、14 77和 11 6 3℃ ,有效积温分别为 86 0 5、341 86、197 90、48 5 3和 5 5 0 34日度     

Dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusion during isoflurane anaesthesia in canine surgical patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of three rates of dexmedetomidine (DMED) constant rate infusion (CRI) on overall tissue perfusion, isoflurane (ISO) requirements, haemodynamics and quality of recovery in canine surgical patients. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs presented for soft tissue or orthopaedic surgery. METHODS: Following intravenous (IV) pre-medication with DMED (5 microg kg(-1)) and buprenorphine (10 microg kg(-1)) and propofol induction, anaesthesia was maintained with ISO in oxygen/air supplemented with a DMED CRI (1, 2 or 3 microg kg(-1) hour(-1); groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Ventilation was controlled in all animals using intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Monitoring included end-tidal (ET) gases, ECG, arterial blood pressure, body temperature and sequential arterial blood gas and lactate measurements. Quality of recovery was scored after intramuscular (IM) administration of atipamezole (ATI) (12.5 microg kg(-1)). Immediate post-operative analgesia was provided with carprofen and/or buprenorphine. An analysis of variance was conducted for repeated measurements obtained during 80 minutes after first incision. Categorical data were evaluated with Chi-square analyses. RESULTS: Arterial blood pressure remained stable and within clinically acceptable limits. Mean heart rate in group 2 was significantly lower than in group 1. The incidence of 2nd degree AV block type II was significantly higher in group 3. Mean arterial lactate concentrations remained below 2 mmol/L in all groups during the study, with a significant increase occurring during recovery compared with surgery for group 3. Mean e'ISO% was similar and <1% in all groups. Complete recovery from anaesthesia was achieved after ATI administration and was of good quality in all but three animals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dexmedetomidine CRI is a reliable and valuable adjunct to ISO anaesthesia in maintaining surgical anaesthesia in ASA I-II dogs. Data reported indicate adequate overall tissue perfusion and a low ISO requirement while enabling a smooth and rapid recovery following ATI. The DMED CRI of 1 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) following a loading dose of 5 microg kg(-1) produced the most favourable results.