Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.     

区域森林资源质量综合评价指标体系和评价方法

从构成和反映森林资源质量的物质基础出发,通过分析影响和决定区域森林资源质量的主要因素,结合目前现有的森林资源调查手段及已有的研究成果,运用专家会议法和Delphi法建立和确定了由区域森林资源质量和构成森林资源质量物质基础的5个主要方面、决定和反映森林资源质量5个主要方面的15个指标、19个分指标、10个分指标的亚指标构成的5层递阶结构的区域森林资源质量综合评价指标体系及其权重,在此基础上提出了一种新的直观的区域森林资源质量综合评价方法.     

“反规划”理论在旅游规划中的应用

借鉴俞孔坚教授提出的城市规划领域“反规划”理论框架,反思我国目前旅游开发的现状以及传统旅游规划存在的问题和面临的挑战,论述“反规划”理论在旅游规划中的应用．采用逆向的规划方法,提出负的规划成果——景区不可建设区域即生态基础设施．     

辽东山区落叶松人工纯林诱导复层林更新试验

对辽宁东部山区落叶松人工纯林进行不同行状间伐试验,并在采伐迹地进行云杉幼树更新试验,试验结果发现:落叶松纯林经过行状间伐,草本层生物多样性显著增加,林地土壤持水力增强,增幅为4.4%～16.7%.不同更新行数试验的云杉幼树年均高生长量、冠幅生长量、地径生长量、总生物量大小变化明显,伐2行栽1行型与全光对比分别减少了27.4%、12.7%、21.7%、4.1%,而伐3栽2型分别增加了3.6%、0.8%、4.3%、15.8%.伐后保留带落叶松的生长得到了促进,2 a后落叶松的胸径、单株材积都比同龄落叶松纯林大,伐2栽1型与伐3栽2型增幅分别为2.7%～8%、4.6%～16.7%;高生长变化不明显.     

Analysis of root fractal characteristics in remote areas of the Taklimakan desert, China

Fractal geometry is a potential new approach to analyze the root architecture, which may offer improved ways to quantify and summarize root system complexity as well as yield ecological and physiological insights into the functional relevance of specific architectural patterns. Fractal analysis is a sensitive measure of root branching intensity and fractal dimension expresses the ＂space filling＂ properties of a structure. The objective of this study was to find out the fractal characteristics of root systems in a remote area of the Taklimakan desert in China. The entire root system of two naturally occurring species were excavated and exposed with shov- els in 2007. The species were Tamarix taklamakanensis and Calligonum roborovskii. A one-factorial ANOVA with species as factor showed statistically a highly significant difference in fractal dimensions, indicating differences in their pattern of root branching. There was no relationship between root diameter and two parameters of fractal root models a and q, representing general characteris- tics of root systems, for either species （a： the ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after a branching to the cross-sectional area before root division; q： the distribution of the cross-sectional areas after branching）. We have found significant linear relation- ships between the diameter after branching and root length and biomass respectively, because of the self-similarity of root branching. Branching rules are the same for roots of all sizes and lengths. Root biomass for the root systems of entire trees can be estimated by measuring the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk or the diameter after branching. We have shown that the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk and the diameter after branching are effective indices that can be measured easily in order to estimate the root lengths, biomass and other parameters of root architecture.     

不同方法提取蒿属植物有效物质的抑菌活性研究

用生长速率法对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取溶剂的抑菌活性筛选,结果表明,大籽蒿、黄花蒿最适提取溶剂为乙醇,猪毛蒿最适提取溶剂为丙酮。其中,黄花蒿乙醇提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率分别为100%、91.74%;猪毛蒿丙酮提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率为100%。用生长速率法,以筛选出的最适提取溶剂对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取方法的抑菌活性筛选。黄花蒿、猪毛蒿最适提取方法为超声波法,大籽蒿最适提取方法为冷浸法。     

城市森林生态系统服务价值指标体系与评价方法

"城市森林"这一概念出现在美国和加拿大,是一门在形成和发展的新兴学科,关于它的范围、层次划分及定义,目前尚无统一、公认的标准(Cene,1996;高清,1984;Rowantree,1984;彭镇华,2003).     

柳杉细根衰老过程中的养分内循环

将柳杉细根剥离土壤,加速细根衰老,测定并分析柳杉细根衰老期间不同根序细根的N,P,K及Ca浓度变化以及N,P,K浓度与Ca浓度比值的变化趋势。结果表明:1)在柳杉细根死亡过程中,N及K存在明显的内循环,Ca内循环不明显,P没有内循环;2)养分内循环首先出现在1级细根,其次是2和3级细根,表明细根衰老和死亡顺序与生长顺序相反;3)养分回输表现为阶段性,1级细根首先回输到2级细根,2级细根再回输到3级细根;4)柳杉细根中N,P,K浓度变化趋势和它们与Ca浓度比值的变化趋势基本一致。     

水曲柳苗木根系形态和解剖结构对不同氮浓度的反应

采用温室沙培方法,在不同氮浓度处理下,研究1年生水曲柳苗木整株根系和前3级根形态,以及前3级根形态与解剖结构的关系,探讨不同氮浓度导致细根形态变化的原因。结果表明:1)随着氮浓度的增加,整株根系的总面积、总长度和比根长增加,但是总的平均直径减小,前3级根也具有相同的变化规律。根表面积和比根长从低氮到高氮增加与直径和根长的变化有关。2)氮浓度引起直径和根长变化与解剖特征变化有密切关系。低氮条件下直径增加与横切面皮层细胞直径和皮层厚度的增加有关,而高氮条件下皮层细胞直径减小和皮层厚度缩窄有关。在纵切面上,根长度从低氮到高氮增加可能与细胞数量增加有关。研究结果对解释施肥导致细根形态变化原因具有重要意义。     

海南省沿海防护林防护效能综合评价研究

建立了海南省海防林防护效能的评价指标体系和评价标准,通过案例分析对熵权法、主成分分析和层次分析赋权方法进行了选优,确定层次分析法(AHP)更适合海防林防护效能的综合评价,同时通过聚类分析进一步验证了评价标准和评价权重分配的有效性。用层次分析法对文昌、万宁和昌江3个县市的海防林进行了6因素25个评价指标和沿海12个市县海防林5因素17个评价指标的综合评价,结果显示:在海防林的防护效能方面文昌海防林达到了良好水平,万宁为中等水平,昌江为不合格;沿海12个市县中,有6个市县的评价分值未达到合格标准,占评价单位的50%,2个评价单位达到了良好标准,占17%,2005年海南省海防林整体防护效能不高。