不同干燥方式对速溶青砖茶中儿茶素含量及香气成分的影响

以湖北特色青砖茶为原料,经浸提、过滤、浓缩之后,研究热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、离心喷雾干燥对速溶青砖茶中儿茶素含量及香气成分的影响。HPLC检测分析结果显示,速溶青砖茶粉相比原料,儿茶素及咖啡碱成分都有明显增加,其中真空冷冻干燥和离心喷雾干燥粉中儿茶素含量差异不大,但都明显高于热风干燥粉;GA、GC、EGC、C、Caf、EGCG和EC七种有效成分,真空冷冻干燥粉中含量较高;GCG、ECG和CG三种有效成分,离心喷雾干燥粉中含量较高。GC-MS检测分析结果显示,青砖茶原料、热风干燥粉、离心喷雾干燥粉和真空冷冻干燥粉各鉴定出33、19、39和29种挥发性香气成分,离心喷雾干燥对于速溶茶中的香气成分有更好的保留和增加效果,并且减少了部分对风味有反作用的物质。     

不同干燥方式对苦瓜营养与品质特性的影响

【目的】研究不同干燥加工方式对苦瓜营养成分含量、抗氧化活性及品质特性的影响,为苦瓜干燥加工的工业化生产方式优选提供理论依据。【方法】以营养成分(多糖、维生素C、总酚、总黄酮、类胡萝卜素含量)、总抗氧化能力(ORAC)、感官特征(色泽、硬度)和微观结构为评价指标,研究真空冷冻干燥、日晒干燥、热泵干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥和真空热干燥共6种干燥方式对苦瓜营养成分、抗氧化活性、感观和质构品质的影响。【结果】在营养成分与抗氧化活性方面,除真空冷冻干燥外,其余5种干燥方式下苦瓜中多糖提取率无显著降低;热泵干燥多糖含量最高为29.22 mg·g~(-1) DW,微波干燥最低为16.91 mg·g~(-1) DW。干燥后Vc、总酚、总黄酮、类胡萝卜素含量和ORAC值均有所下降。热泵干燥Vc含量最高,微波最低,分别为84.81和6.64 mg·100 g~(-1)。热风干燥总酚和总黄酮含量最高,分别为32.04 mg GAE·g~(-1)和7.44 mg CE·g~(-1);真空冷冻干燥最低,分别为14.14 mg GAE·g~(-1)和0.36 mg CE·g~(-1)。热泵干燥类胡萝卜素含量最高,日晒最低,分别为0.86和0.11 mg·g~(-1) DW。热泵、微波和真空热干燥ORAC值均较高,分别为226.44、224.66、244.10μmol TE·g~(-1);真空冷冻干燥最低,为113.23μmol TE·g~(-1)。在感观品质方面,加热干燥会引起苦瓜的褐变,真空冷冻干燥可以较好的保持苦瓜的色泽;热泵干燥叶绿素a和b含量最高,日晒干燥含量最低;日晒干燥苦瓜硬度最高,真空冷冻最低。扫描电镜观察微观结构发现真空冷冻和真空热干燥苦瓜呈现蜂窝状松散结构,热风、热泵和日晒干燥苦瓜组织结构紧缩,微波干燥组织破裂,但无明显收缩。【结论】不同干燥方式对苦瓜营养与品质特性的影响差异较大。综合比较,热泵和热风干燥苦瓜营养成分与抗氧化活性损失较小,真空冷冻干燥苦瓜色泽和质构特征较好,日晒和微波干燥苦瓜的综合品质相对较差。     

恒温下相对湿度对果蔬热风干燥特性和品质的影响及调控

相对湿度作为干燥介质的重要参数,对干燥热质传质过程和干燥品质具有显著影响。但由于相对湿度对干燥过程的影响机理及优化调控机制尚不明确,导致相对湿度的调控方式多依靠经验,造成干燥效率低、品质差、能耗高等问题。对于传质过程,降低相对湿度能够增大对流传质系数,加快物料表面水分蒸发;而对于传热过程,升高相对湿度能够增大对流传热系数,加快物料升温速率。相对湿度较高时,物料升温速率快,内部水分迁移量增大,但表面水分蒸发量较小;而当相对湿度较低时,物料升温速率较慢,内部水分迁移量较小,但表面水分蒸发量较大。相对传热和传质过程的影响此消彼长,互相耦合。高相对湿度主要体现为对传热过程的影响,低相对湿度主要体现为对传质过程的影响。高相对湿度能够抑制物料表面的结壳,并能够提高复水性,降低收缩率。阶段降湿及多阶段降湿干燥方式下物料表面形成和保持了蜂窝状多孔结构,能够提高干燥效率和品质。基于监测物料温度的相对湿度调控方式被验证为较忧的相对湿度控制方式。阶段降湿干燥方式适用性的实质为：干燥过程中所体现出的对流传热热阻和内部导热热阻的相对大小,及对流传质阻力和内部传质阻力的相对大小,不同干燥条件和物料种类、厚度会影响以上传热传质阻力的大小,从而呈现出不同适应性的结果。当阶段降湿干燥过程中传热毕渥数>1且传热毕渥数>0.1时,说明阶段降湿干燥过程适用于此物料的干燥。该文综合论述了相对湿度对果蔬热风干燥过程中热质传递及干燥品质的影响,优化调控策略及适用性范围4个方面内容,明确了果蔬热风干燥过程中相对湿度的影响机理,为相对湿度的优化调控提供理论依据和技术支持。     

基于含水率变化的气体射流冲击干燥过程温度自适应控制系统

为了给变温干燥工艺提供新的技术支持,实现基于含水率变化的干燥温度自适应控制,该研究设计了具有物料含水率在线检测功能的温度自适应控制系统。采用卷积神经网络建立了以质量检测值、气流冲击速度、称重传感器弹性基体温度、气流冲击距离为输入,物料真实质量为输出的含水率在线检测模型。进行了含水率在线检测模型验证试验。结果表明,该模型满足变温干燥工艺中含水率在线检测的精度要求,5组含水率在线检测模型验证试验的决定系数R²和均方根误差RMSE依次为0.9934和1.20%。该文设计了改进神经网络-PID（improved neural network-PID,INN-PID）控制器来实现变温干燥工艺中的温度控制。在MATLAB软件中以单位阶跃信号为输入对PID、神经网络-PID（neural network-PID,NN-PID）和INN-PID控制器的动态性能进行仿真。对3种控制器分别进行了50~55 ℃的干燥温度控制试验。结果表明,在仿真试验中,INN-PID控制器的控制稳定性和调节时间均显著优于另外两种控制器;干燥温度控制试验结果与仿真结果存在近似相同的规律,INN-PID控制器的峰值时间是208.00 s,调节时间是120.59 s,最大超调量是4.87 %,满足变温干燥过程中温度控制的要求。该研究在气体射流冲击干燥机中搭建了温度自适应控制系统,进行了基于含水率变化的温度自适应控制试验。结果表明,该系统可以对基于含水率变化的变温干燥工艺中的干燥温度进行快速且有效的调节。该研究对提高干燥设备的自动化水平以及开发新的变温干燥工艺具有重要意义,对其他领域的多信息融合检测和控制策略研究提供参考。     

基于转换点调控的怀山药多相态微波干燥及品质特性

为解决冻干和冻干-微波真空联合干燥技术存在的耗时长、能耗高、设备成本高等问题,同时获得品质较好的干制品,以怀山药为对象开展多相态微波干燥(multiphase microwave drying,MMD)研究,通过不同微波功率加载方案实现转换点调控,探究转换点干基含水率（0.36、0.59、0.79 g/g）对怀山药干制品品质的影响。并以真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥和微波真空干燥为对照,研究不同干燥方式对怀山药干燥特性、能耗和品质特性（复水性、收缩率、色泽、硬度、脆度、微观结构）的影响。结果表明：随着微波功率水平的增加,怀山药MMD转换点干基含水率增大,产品复水性降低,收缩程度增大,硬度变大,细胞结构破损程度增加。MMD方案Ⅰ（转换点干基含水率0.36 g/g）干燥时间与微波冷冻干燥相比缩短31.3%,能耗相比真空冷冻干燥、微波冷冻干燥分别降低68%、34%,同时,所得怀山药干制品具有良好的品质和均匀的微观孔隙结构,其复水比（2.44±0.04）、收缩率（0.88±0.02）、色泽、硬度（4.95±0.45）、脆度（2.48±0.51）与微波冷冻干燥无明显差异（P>0.05）。微波真空干燥虽所需能耗低,但其产品复水性最差,收缩最为严重。综合考虑高效低能耗干燥与产品品质提升的需求,可通过转换点调控的多相态微波干燥实现高品质怀山药加工。     

核桃烘干技术研究现状及趋势

核桃烘干是核桃生产过程中的重要环节,核桃烘干后的质量直接影响核桃的销售价格和销量。随着人民生活水平的提高及市场环境的变化,人们对核桃烘干质量提出了更高的要求。核桃烘干机的控制系统、加热装置、内部结构等方面随着技术的革新不断优化,烘干水平也随市场需求的变化而改进。为此,对核桃烘干技术的研究现状进行了综述,并指出了未来的发展方向,旨在从提高核桃的质量、增大市场竞争力及保障食品安全等方面进一步推动核桃烘干技术的发展,满足社会需求。     

A quick method of soil moisture determination

Abstract

The method described here is useful for the quick determination of soil moisture, especially when many determinations are to be made at a time. The only pieces of apparatus required are some wide‐mouthed conical flasks, a few pieces of glass rod and a balance. The principle involves recording the weight of the flask filled with water and soil sample of known weight (A). This flask weight (H), and the predetermined soil particle density (D_p) and weight of the water‐filled flask (G) are then used to calculate moisture percentage (MP) in the soil sample from the formula:

The method was compared with conventional oven‐drying technique for a wide range of soil textures, moisture contents and other contrasting soil properties. The results obtained showed that the accuracy, precision and simplicity of the method are good, particularly for rapid practical uses.     

Effect of Water and Rice Straw Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Double-Cropped Paddy Field

ABSTRACT

Water and rice straw (RS) management practices can potentially affect the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive rice-growing seasons (wet and dry) to evaluate SOC stocks under different water (continuous flooding [CF], alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and RS management practices (RS incorporation [RS-I], RS burning [RS-B], without RS incorporation and burning [WRS]) in a double-cropped paddy field. RS-I under AWD had higher volumetric water content than the same RS management under CF at tillering in both growing seasons. Total SOC was significantly higher under AWD at tillering in both wet and dry seasons and after harvesting in the dry season compared with CF. The same trend was also observed for C:N ratio at tillering and after harvesting in the dry season. RS-B plots had lower SOC stocks than RS-I and WRS plots across most of the measuring periods regardless of the growing seasons. SOC stocks were 33.09 and 39.31 Mg/ha at RS-B and RS-I plots, respectively, in the wet season, whereas the respective values were 21.45 and 24.55 Mg/ha in the dry season. Incorporation of RS enhanced SOC stocks under AWD irrigation, especially in the dry season before planting. Soil incorporation of RS in combination with AWD could be a viable option to increase SOC stocks in the double-cropped rice production region as it is strongly linked with soil fertility and productivity. However, the environmental consequences of RS incorporation in irrigated lowland rice production system should be taken into consideration before its recommendation for paddy field on a large scale.     

土壤脱湿过程中NaCl胁迫对羊草生长和矿质元素吸收的影响

用不同盐分浓度的NaCl中性盐对羊草进行胁迫,探讨在土壤脱湿过程中,NaCl胁迫对羊草生长和矿质元素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,当土壤溶液NaCl浓度小于125mmol/L(土壤总盐小于o．34％)时,盐分胁迫对羊草株高、根长、干物质积累量和相对生长率(RGR)无显著影响,且根系的钾钠吸收选择性和运输选择性随盐度处理水平的增加而增强。但当NaCl浓度超过225mmol/L(土壤总盐大于0．53％)后,其株高、根长、干物质积累量和相对生长率(RGR)随盐度增加而显著降低(P＜0．05),根系的钾钠吸收选择性和运输选择性也随盐度处理水平的增加而逐渐减弱。NaCl胁迫条件下,羊草对K、Ca的比吸收率(SAR)降低,茎叶K、Ca含量随盐度的增加显著减少(P＜0．05),Na、Cl含量则均随盐度的增加而显著提高,植株K／Na降低。羊草茎叶的盐分离子(Na^ 、Cl^-)含量与相对生长率(RGR)之间呈显著的负相关关系。     

Effects of deficit irrigation strategies on cluster microclimate for improving fruit composition of Moscatel field-grown grapevines

The grapevine plays a very important role in the economic, social and cultural sectors of many regions; however vineyards are often grown in regions under stressful conditions and thus they are vulnerable to climate change. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation on vine water relations, vegetative growth, plant microclimate, berry composition and yield components, compared to conventional deficit irrigation (DI, 50% ETc), full irrigation (FI, 100% of ETc) and non-irrigated vines (NI). The study was undertaken in mature ‘Moscatel’ grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Pegões, South of Portugal. Compared to the other irrigated treatments, PRD vines showed a better microclimate at the cluster zone with higher incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Within the more open canopies of NI and PRD treatments, berry temperatures were higher than those of denser ones (DI and FI). Compared to the conventional irrigation technique the better microclimate observed in PRD vines was a consequence of a reduction in vine growth, where lower values of leaf layer number, leaf area, canopy wideness, water shoots and shoot weight were observed. In PRD vines we observed a tendency to a development of a deeper root system, while DI and FI showed a more homogeneous root distribution throughout the different soil layers. PRD showed an improvement in berry quality with higher values of flavour precursors, and total phenols concentration without any significant yield reduction compared to DI and FI.