小麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱指数的定量关系

本文以3种蛋白质类型的小麦品种在不同施氮水平下的3年田间试验为基础，研究了小麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系。结果显示，不同试验中拔节后叶片氮含量均随施氮水平呈上升趋势，同时冠层光谱反射率在不同施氮水平下存在明显差异。对于低、中、高籽粒蛋白质含量的品种，叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的归一化植被指数NDVI (1 220, 710)和红边位置均有密切的定量关系，决定系数在0.80左右。对于不同品质类型小麦品种，均可利用统一的回归方程描述其叶片氮含量随反射光谱参数的变化，对于低蛋白类型品种，采用单独的回归系数即可提高叶片氮含量估测的准确性。本研究确立的小麦叶片氮含量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系可用于不同的小麦品种、生育时期和施氮水平，为小麦氮素营养的监测诊断与精确施肥等提供理论依据和技术途径。     

基于交流阻抗法的豆浆电特性检测

为实现豆浆品质快速检测和通电加热电源频率的优化,该文利用精密阻抗分析仪和DJS-10电导电极通过50 mV的激励电压在20 Hz～12 MHz频率范围内测量了不同温度（30～85℃）和不同固形物含量（1.01%～9.58%）的豆浆的交流阻抗。试验结果表明,豆浆阻抗模值与阻抗相位角随测量频率变化具有明显规律。豆浆的阻抗特性与温度以及固形物含量关系显著,且阻抗Nyquist 图存在明显差异。在全频段,豆浆阻抗模值随着温度和固形物含量的升高而减小;在低频段,豆浆阻抗相位角随温度以及固形物含量的升高而增大;在高频段,豆浆阻抗相位角随温度以及固形物含量的升高而减小。同时,研究提出了豆浆的电阻R、电容C、恒相位元件CPE（constant phase element）三元件等效电路模型,并用ZSimpWin软件进行拟合得到了试验条件下豆浆的等效电路元件参数。基于豆浆阻抗随频率变化规律及豆浆等效电路模型分析得出,豆浆通电加热电源的频率应在300 Hz～300 kHz范围内。豆浆的等效电阻R与温度以及固形物含量之间具有良好的负指数关系。CPE参数Q值随温度的升高而降低,当固形物含量超过3.5%后,Q值随固形物含量的升高迅速增加。CPE参数n值随温度的升高而升高,但在本研究中的固形物含量范围内n值并未随固形物含量的改变发生明显变化。本研究为豆浆通电加热电源的频率选择提供了参考依据,同时为基于豆浆电特性分析实现豆浆品质的快速检测奠定基础。     

Rainfall and tillage effects on soil structure after alfalfa conversion to maize on a clay loam soil in New York

Soil degradation is accelerated when perennial crops are converted to annual row crops, primarily due to increased soil disturbance from tillage. Subsequent heavy rainfall may induce soil settling, reduce macroporosity and increase hardsetting upon drying. An experiment involving plow and no-tillage and two simulated rainfall treatments (‘wet’ and ‘dry’) was conducted on Kingsbury clay loam soil in northern New York in 1992 and 1993 to study their effects on soil structure under maize (Zea mays L.) after conversion from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and to evaluate the use of spectral analysis of micropenetrometer observations for studying soil aggregation. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the row and trafficked and non-trafficked interrow positions at the 0.05 and 0.15 m depths and used for laboratory measurement of soil strength and pore system properties. These well-structured soils show a high contribution (up to 0.15 m³ m⁻³) of macropores to the total porosity of the soil. Soil strength was generally slightly higher for no-till (NT) than plow till (PT), although only significant in 1992. Soil strength in the surface layer did not change significantly with drying. Spectral density patterns did not show strong treatment effects, although distinct peaks reflect 3.0–3.5 mm stable structural units within macroaggregates. Simulated rainfall treatments and tillage treatments generally did not strongly affect measured soil properties, presumably due to stable soil structure. Structurally stable clay loam soils show little effect of tillage or settling on soil physical properties in the first years after alfalfa to maize conversion, and have good potential for long-term annual crop production if properly managed.     

以光谱反射曲线评估染色单板的耐光性

以杨木和桦木单板为试材,引入光谱反射曲线研究了室内自然光环境下染色单板的光变色过程,分析了树种、漂白处理、染料种类及浓度对染色单板耐光性的影响。结果表明,光辐射后染色单板K/S曲线呈下降趋势,光谱反射率曲线向黄光方向移动,染色单板发生黄化。漂白处理加速了染色单板的光变色。染料品种对染色单板耐光性影响显著,酸性蓝染色单板的光谱反射率曲线变化明显,而酸性大红的变化不大。利用光谱反射曲线可快速直观地评估染色单板耐光性的优劣。     

自动测量胸径和树高便携设备的研制与测量精度分析

胸径和树高测量是评价立地质量和林木生长状况的重要依据,该文以图像自动识别原理、摄影测量原理、相似三角形几何原理和三角函数原理为理论基础,研制了可测量胸径和树高的多功能便携式微型超站仪,该设备集成电荷藕合器件图像传感器、倾角传感器、激光测距传感器、中央处理器、存储器、液晶显示屏,测量时可获取测站点到待测点的倾角和距离2个参数值,并记录存储测量时的图像信息,通过仪器的嵌入式操作程序,实现胸径的自动测量、树高测量、任意处直径自动测量、基本测量等4项基本功能。通过试验验证,215株立木的单次胸径测量的平均绝对误差为0.369 cm,平均相对误差为2.08%。101株立木的单次树高测量的平均相对误差为1.44%。胸径测量精度达到97.92%,树高测量精度达到98.56%,符合国家森林资源连续清查中的测量精度要求。该设备为森林资源调查提供了参考。     

浙江省石灰土光谱特征及其自动识别分类技术研究

本文通过石灰土专题调查，室内土壤光谱测定及其特定及其特征分析，并在此基础上进行土壤光谱自动识别分类方法的对比试验。明确了浙江省石灰土的四个土类，六个土属的光谱特征分异规律；提出了一种参数少，运算量小，精度高的光谱自动识别新方法－分层提取判别法。     

基于近红外光谱分析的土壤全氮含量估测研究

应用近红外光谱分析技术对比研究基于土壤风干样本和鲜样来预测全氮含量的可行性。选取水稻土为研究对象,首先分析了不同水分土壤的光谱特征,显示随水分含量增加,吸光度升高,且鲜样的吸光度高于干样。通过比较不同预处理方法,对土壤干鲜样分别采用逐步多元回归(SMLR)和偏最小二乘法(PLSR)建立了相应的近红外模型。结果表明,利用近红外光谱均可预测干鲜土壤样本的全氮含量,特别是利用偏最小二乘法建立的标定模型,预测精度高,反演性较好,鲜样和干样外部验证决定系数分别达到0.89和0.91,相对误差仅为6.92%和5.92%,研究结果可以为田间土壤全氮含量的估测提供技术依据和参考。     

基于DM642的高地隙小车的田间路径识别导航系统

为了实现智能小车在各种不同的路径下稳定高效的进行图像导航,该文以自主设计了满足于设施农业用的四轮独立驱动的高地隙小车作为平台,采用TI公司的TMS320DM642高性能数字多媒体处理器为核心处理器,建立了识别路径的视觉检测系统,实现了对多种路径标识的实时采集和图像显示,提出了用于实际路径检测的图像处理的改进算法,包括利用2G-R-B颜色特征识别绿色植物、中心线法提取路径、双折线拟合的Hough变换提取路径、多折线拟合的Hough变换提取路径等,以实现小车的自主导航。试验结果表明所开发的路径识别与跟踪控制系统能对不同颜色的标识线、绿色植物与裸露地面的分界线等一系列路径进行识别和导航控制,系统适应性好、抗干扰能力强,稳定性高、实时性好,满足无人控制的农田作业需求,节省劳动力,提高生产效率。该研究可为应用于田间作业的高地隙小车的路径识别与跟踪控制系统设计提供参考。     

Spectroscopic detection of forest diseases:a review (1970-2020)

Sustainable forest management is essential to confront the detrimental impacts of diseases on forest eco-systems.This review highlights the potential of vegetation spectroscopy in improving the feasibility of assessing forest disturbances induced by diseases in a timely and cost-effec-tive manner.The basic concepts of vegetation spectroscopy and its application in phytopathology are first outlined then the literature on the topic is discussed.Using several opti-cal sensors from leaf to landscape-level,a number of for-est diseases characterized by variable pathogenic processes have been detected,identified and quantified in many coun-try sites worldwide.Overall,these reviewed studies have pointed out the green and red regions of the visible spec-trum,the red-edge and the early near-infrared as the spectral regions most sensitive to the disease development as they are mostly related to chlorophyll changes and symptom develop-ment.Late disease conditions particularly affect the short-wave-infrared region,mostly related to water content.This review also highlights some major issues to be addressed such as the need to explore other major forest diseases and geographic areas,to further develop hyperspectral sensors for early detection and discrimination of forest disturbances,to improve devices for remote sensing,to implement long-term monitoring,and to advance algorithms for exploitation of spectral data.Achieving of these goals will enhance the capability of vegetation spectroscopy in early detection of forest stress and in managing forest diseases.     

接种不同浓度松材线虫的黑松光谱学特征分析

利用光谱学进行植物病害的早期诊断是近年来植物病害监测预警研究的一个热点。本试验采用人工接种不同浓度松材线虫的方法,研究了野外健康黑松不同发病阶段黑松松针的反射光谱特征曲线,分析了多个光谱特征参数。结果表明:绿光波段(500～560 nm)和近红外波段(750～900 nm)反射光谱曲线对松树发病程度有一定的指示作用;红边(680～780 nm)位置蓝移、绿峰(510～580 nm)反射高度及红谷(640～700 nm)吸收深度降低、红边斜率减小等光谱特征参数的变化能够很好地反映松树的感病情况。本研究结果可为利用高光谱遥感技术进行松材线虫病监测与预警提供理论依据。