巴音布鲁克新疆假龙胆适生地植物群落物种多样性及其环境解释

为研究新疆巴音布鲁克地区不同土壤层次环境因子对新疆假龙胆适生地植物群落物种多样性的影响,为新疆假龙胆物种多样性保护提供理论依据.采用野外样地调查的方法,在新疆假龙胆适生海拔范围内共设置了16个样地进行植物多样性统计分析,共调查到植物72种,隶属22科48属,以豆科和禾本科植物为主.根据样地内各物种重要值的大小将所有采样...     

Hunter opinions on the management of migratory geese: a case of stakeholder involvement in adaptive harvest management

Knowledge of hunter attitudes toward goose management is essential for the involvement of hunters in adaptive harvest management. Our study provides insight into processes of stakeholder involvement in adaptive harvest management, as demonstrated by the case of implementing the International Species Management Plan for the Svalbard-breeding pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus). We conducted an online survey among goose hunters in Norway in the main autumn staging area of this species, Nord-Trøndelag, which is also the area in which most geese are harvested nationally. Our results demonstrated that a majority of these hunters see themselves as active participants in management. These hunters expressed a willingness to support management objectives through the delivery of daily harvest reports and by complying with regulations, as defined by national wildlife authorities and the international management plan.     

生物多样性与地形及土壤因素对坡面产流产沙的耦合影响

生物多样性关系到生态系统的功能,而坡度和土壤因素是影响坡面产流产沙的重要因子。本研究基于黄土丘陵区生物多样性,并引入坡度、降雨前土壤含水量和土壤容重,探究其与坡面产流产沙总量的耦合关系。通过野外人工降雨试验,记录草本、灌木和乔木群落下的产流时间和产流产沙总量,并开展土壤植被调查。结果表明,与草本和乔木群落相比,灌木群落在延长产流开始时间和降低产沙总量上表现更优;植被群落功能离散度指数(FDiv)对产沙总量影响最大,Simpson指数(D)对产流总量影响最大,坡度仍然是不可忽视的第二重要影响因素;产流总量与坡度、土壤容重、D和功能丰富度指数(FRic)的回归关系优于产流总量分别与其的回归关系;产沙总量与坡度和FDiv指数的回归关系优于产沙总量分别与其的回归关系。植被保护与坡度改善将是该区水土保持规划工作的重点。     

黄河上游重大生态功能区草地逆型演替植物多样性变化研究

基于5个样地、90个样方的野外调查资料,研究了玛曲县不同退化程度草地群落植物多样性和地上生物量变化情况。结果表明：多样性指数与丰富度指数、均匀度指数及地上生物量有显著线性关系,而与优势度指数呈显著负相关。原生地带性群落以及演替早期类群多样性、均匀度、盖度及地上总生物量最高,在极度退化阶段,地上总生物量最低,优势度指数最大,随着退化程度加剧,草地群落的盖度、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数均下降,毒杂草、莎草增多,禾草急剧下降,最终导致草地初级生产力的降低。     

Horse Preference,Forage Yield,and Species Persistence of 12 Perennial Cool-Season Grass Mixtures Under Horse Grazing

Cool-season grass mixtures are rarely evaluated for preference, yield, and persistence under horse grazing. The objectives of this research were to evaluate horse preference, forage yield, and persistence of cool-season grass mixtures under horse grazing. Eight commercially marketed and four experimental perennial cool-season grass mixtures were planted in 2009 in a randomized complete block with five replicates and grazed by four adult horses during 2010, 2011, and 2012. All mixtures contained four to six cool-season perennial grass species. Specie density measurements were taken in each spring and fall, and yield was mechanically measured before each grazing period. After grazing, preference was determined by visually assessing percentage of forage removal on a scale of 0 (no grazing) to 100 (100% of vegetation removed). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance and liner regression. Horses preferred mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy (P < .001). Horses had less preference for mixtures containing ≥30% orchardgrass (P < .001). Mixtures had similar (P = .11) forage yields that ranged from 6,100 to 7,082 kg ha⁻¹. After 2 years of grazing, orchardgrass and tall fescue increased; Kentucky bluegrass remained stable; and festulolium, meadow fescue, and perennial ryegrass had the greatest rate of decline in mixtures. Orchardgrass became the dominate species, regardless of initial percentage in the mixture. Mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy should be planted in midwestern US horse pastures; however, mixtures will likely transition to tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass–dominated pastures.     

高原鼠兔鼠丘覆压对鼠丘上植被重建的影响研究

本研究以青海省河南县高山嵩草高寒草甸高原鼠兔鼠丘为研究对象,进行鼠丘覆压植被模拟试验,探究萌出植物群落的物种组成、物种多样性、植被覆盖度以及原生植被对鼠丘植物群落重建的贡献率,为鼠丘植被恢复演替提供依据。结果显示：随着鼠丘形成时间的推移,萌出植物主要为多年生杂类草;鼠丘覆压1-2年后萌出植物群落的辛普森指数、香农威纳指数、丰富度指数与均匀度指数整体表现为先快速上升后趋于缓和;被覆压的原生植被对鼠丘植物群落重建的贡献在物种组成上达到47.1%~64.7%。随着鼠丘形成时间的延长,鼠丘向有植被定居的恢复演替方向发展,植被覆盖度逐渐增加。     

青海拉鸡山地区植物生物量及物种丰富度对海拔梯度变化的响应

以青海省海南州贵德县拉鸡山地区植物群落为研究对象,从海拔3100～3920m,划分为9个海拔梯度,研究了植物生物量及物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化特征。结果表明:阳坡地上生物量与物种丰富度呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.564,P<0.01),总生物量与根冠比呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.714,P<0.01);海拔与地上生物量呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.773,P<0.01),与地下生物量、总生物量、根冠比呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.769、r=0.753、r=0.692,P<0.01)。阴坡植物群落总生物量与地上生物量之间呈显著正相关关系(r=0.495,P<0.05),与地下生物量之间成极显著正相关关系(r=0.960,P<0.01),与海拔呈极显著负相关(r=-0.519,P<0.01);根冠比与地上生物量呈极显著负相关关系(r=-0.631,P<0.01)。地上生物量与海拔呈极显著负相关(r=-0.678,P<0.01)。     

那拉提草原草地群落结构及种间关联性研究

针对新疆新源县那拉提山地高草草甸退化草地恢复与合理利用问题,选取生长季节围栏+打草草地和当地自由放牧草地为研究对象,采用Dahl多样性指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Sorensen相似性指数、Pielou均匀度指数,2×2列联表Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数来进行草地群落及种间关联性的研究。结果表明:围栏+打草草地物种多样性和均匀度指数均小于自由放牧区;2样地内物种总体关联性均表现出显著正相关;Spearman秩相关分析结果较2×2列联表Fisher精确检验和Pearson相关系数结果更为精确,Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,围栏+打草草地内显著相关种占总种数的7.69%,自由放牧样地显著相关种占总种数的8.02%;生长季节的围栏+打草和自由放牧2种不同利用方式下,形成完全不相同的生境,导致共有种关联不显著。因此,对那拉提山地草甸退化草地必须进行适度放牧利用的同时增加人为防治毒害草措施。     

PCR方法鉴别肉骨粉中的动物成份种类

为防范疯牛病传入我国,有必要鉴别肉骨粉中动物成份的种类。针对牛、羊、猪和鸡四种动物的特异性核苷酸序列,分别选用和设计了四对特异性引物,用试剂盒提取四种动物的肉骨粉或者处理过的肉组织中的DNA,然后进行PCR扩增,所扩增的目的片断大小分别为271bp、199bp、196bp、148bp,运用PCR技术建立了鉴定这四种动物源性成分的方法。结果分别扩增出四种动物的特异性条带,证明该PCR方法具有很高的特异性和敏感性,而且成本低廉,简便易行,因此可以作为鉴别肉骨粉种类的常规方法。