宁波地区野生换锦花遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为了解宁波地区野生换锦花的生存状况及对目前环境的适应能力,本研究采用ISSR分子标记对6个野生居群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行分析。结果表明,10条ISSR引物共扩增出74个条带,其中多态性条带67个,多态性位点百分比(PPL)为90.54%。宁波地区野生换锦花在物种水平上的遗传多样性较高,PPL为90.54%,Nei’s基因多样性(He)为0.2700,Shannon’s指数(Ho)为0.4144;但在居群水平上遗传多样性较低,PPL平均值为76.35%,He平均值为0.2517,Ho平均值为0.3800。基因分化系数(Gst)为0.0679,基因流(Nm)为6.8654。AMOVA分子变异分析结果表明,在总的遗传变异中,有95.85%的变异发生在居群内,仅有4.15%的变异发生在居群间。UPGMA聚类结果显示6个居群间的亲缘关系较近,其可分为两大类群,其中北仑、慈溪和象山3个居群组成一类;奉化、镇海和舟山3个居群组成一类。Mantel检验的结果表明,居群间的地理距离和遗传距离之间无显著相关性。本研究结果为宁波地区野生换锦花种质资源的保护及合理开发利用提供了理论依据。     

利用SSR标记分析柑橘雄性不育及低育资源的遗传多样性

采用SSR标记分析了43份柑橘(Citrus)不育、低育、含不育胞质及13份可育材料的遗传多样性。结果表明,8对SSR引物扩增得到35个等位基因,平均每个位点有4.4个等位基因。利用NTSYSpc2.10统计分析软件,UPGMA法聚类分析表明,56份柑橘资源可分为3组。宽皮柑橘类品种为第一组,甜橙、葡萄柚、椪柑及杂柑类品种为第二组,包含不育胞质的澳洲指橘为第三组。SSR聚类分析还表明本地广橘与温州蜜柑有着紧密的亲缘关系,而与早橘、槾橘、本地早等的亲缘关系较远?涕?不育与低育资源的遗传多样性分析将为此类资源的收集保存及应用提供依据。     

Assessment of genetic diversity among African cassava Manihot esculenta Grantz accessions resistant to the cassava mosaic virus disease using SSR markers

A study was conducted to determine the extent of genetic diversity among African cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) accessions resistant to the cassava mosaic virus disease (CMD), using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The accessions included a breeding stock (clone 58308), five improved lines, 62 CMD resistant and 10 CMD susceptible landraces. Genetic diversity was assessed among accessions in five cluster groups derived from UPGMA analysis on data from 18 SSR primer pairs. Average gene diversity, He, was high in all cluster groups, with an average heterozygosity of 0.591 ± 0.061. The estimator of inbreeding Fis revealed a low level of inbreeding within groups and averaged −0.262 ± 0.142. Gene diversity among all accessions was 51.4% and gene diversity within cluster groups was 46.6%, while 4.8% was due to diversity between the different cluster groups. The amount of genetic differentiation measured by Gst and Fst were 9.6% and 12.1% respectively, indicating a weak genetic structure.     

Sorghums of the Sudan: analysis of regional diversity and distribution

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a very important crop in the Sudan serving as a primary source of food, beverage, and total livelihood for millions of people in the country. The crop originated in the Northeast quadrant of Africa, and the Sudan is widely recognized as a major center of diversity. Although Sudanese sorghum germplasm has been assembled and stored over the last 50 years, careful analysis of this valuable germplasm has not been made. The objectives of this study were to assess phenotypic diversity and compare pattern of distribution among Sudanese sorghum landraces collected from different geographical regions. Phenotypic diversity among landraces was high, as expressed by the large range of variation for mean quantitative traits and the high (0.81) Shannon-Weaver diversity index. Landraces from Gezira-Gedarif tended to be shorter in stature, earlier in maturity and less sensitive to changes in photoperiod. They also had long, narrow and compact panicles that may result from adaptation to low rainfall and early adoption of mechanized farming practices. In contrast, taller and later maturing plant types characterized sorghums from Equatoria, most of which delayed their flowering in response to increased day-length. These sorghums included many genotypes with small and light kernels. Collections from Kassala showed a higher frequency of landraces with kernels that were more difficult to thresh. Landraces from Blue Nile tended to have greater agronomic eliteness with higher proportion of landraces with white kernels, poorly covered and that were easy to thresh. Sorghums from the Upper Nile tended to have loose panicles with poorly covered kernels that may result from adaptation to high rainfall of the Southern region. Although distinct distributions of types were represented by geographical origin, a high level of within-region diversity was present among all Sudanese sorghums.     

Differences in common bean rhizobial populations associated with soil tillage management in southern Brazil

Progressive adoption of no-tillage (NT) agriculture in the tropics is finally reversing physical, chemical, and biological erosion of soil and in Brazil, an estimated 19 Mha are now devoted to NT. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a main component of Brazilian agriculture, and enhancement of yields has been achieved under NT as a result of mitigation of environmental stresses, resulting in higher N₂ fixation. However, the effects of NT on rhizobial diversity are poorly understood. This study evaluated rhizobial diversity in soils planted to common bean under NT or conventional tillage (CT) systems that were compared with natural grassland used for grazing, in the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Genetic diversity was assessed by the amplification of the DNA by PCR with specific primers (BOX-PCR) and by RFLP-PCR analyses of the 16S rDNA region. A high level of diversity was observed among strains from all three systems, such that the similarity in the clustering analysis of BOX-PCR products ranged from 36% under natural grassland to only 23% for CT strains. High polymorphism was confirmed in the RFLP-PCR analysis; forty-seven different profiles were obtained, none sharing high similarity with the profiles of reference species of common bean rhizobia. These results indicate that other tropical rhizobial species remain to be described. Genetic diversity was higher among the NT than the CT rhizobial strains, especially when the RFLP-PCR profiles were considered. Genetic diversity in the natural grassland was lower than in the cropped systems, possibly due to absence of the host plant and stubble burning in winter. Average yields in the area under NT (e.g. common bean, approximately 1500 kg ha⁻¹) have been about 30% higher than under CT, therefore high rhizobial diversity may be a parameter indicative of superior soil quality.     

利用SRAP标记分析30份油茶种质资源的遗传多样性

本研究利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记技术,选用分辨力强、多态性较高的7对引物组合对30份油茶种质资源的进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,7对引物共扩增出60条带,多态性条带为54条,多态性频率为90%。30份油茶种质资源间的遗传相似性变化范围为0.655-0.985,其中凤凰油茶2号和凤凰油茶3号遗传相似性最高,为0.985,红皮糙果茶和新兴红花油茶遗传相似性最低,为0.655。构建的聚类图表明,当遗传相似性为0.72时可将30份资源分为5大类,部分地理来源相同、遗传背景相似的资源能较好的聚类在一起,呈现出地理分布的特征,但其他资源均未按其地理区域分布特征或遗传背景相似特征进行聚类,说明油茶资源亲缘关系的复杂性。     

高黎贡山百花岭蝽类群落多样性研究Ⅰ——物种组成与类群结构

采用样地调查法,对高黎贡山百花岭1 000~3 100 m海拔段蝽类物种构成进行了调查。结果表明,共采集到瓢虫13科117属165种,共3 207头,其中蝽科和缘蝽科的种类和数量较多,束蝽科、瘤蝽科和土蝽科相对较少,禾棘缘蝽为优势种。     

育苗阶段虾夷扇贝幼体中可培养细菌的多样性

为了研究虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis育苗过程中5个发育时期(受精卵时期S1、担轮幼虫时期S2、D形幼虫时期S3、壳顶幼虫时期S4、稚贝时期S5)幼体所含可培养细菌的多样性,采用2216E平板涂布法,从每个发育时期的幼体样品中各分离出30株细菌,并对150株菌进行16S rRNA基因测序分析。结果表明:150株细菌归属于2门3纲8目12科16属39种;在门水平,5个时期幼体样品中变形菌门均为优势门,其次为厚壁菌门;在属水平,优势属为弧菌属(51/150)、假交替单胞菌属(43/150)、芽孢杆菌属(16/150)、交替单胞菌属(9/150),占总数的79.3%;其中弧菌属在S1(43.3%)、S2(36.7%)、S3(36.7%)时期均为优势属,在S1时期,次优势属依次为假交替单胞菌属(26.7%)、动性球菌属(10.0%)和枝芽孢杆菌属(6.7%),在S2时期,次优势属依次为假交替单胞菌属(23.3%)、亚硫酸杆菌属(20.0%)和芽孢杆菌属(13.3%),在S3时期,次优势属依次为假交替单胞菌(16.7%)、动性球菌属(13.3%)和交替单胞菌属(10.0%);假交替单胞菌在S4(36.7%)和S5(40.0%)时期均为优势属,在S4时期,次优势属依次为弧菌属(30.0%)、芽孢杆菌属(16.7%)和交替单胞菌属(10.0%),在S5时期,次优势属依次为弧菌属(23.3%)、芽孢杆菌属(16.7%)和Pontibacillus(10.0%)。研究表明,虾夷扇贝育苗过程中不同发育时期的幼体所含可培养细菌种类比较丰富,细菌群落结构存在较大差异。     

鳜属5种鱼类微卫星遗传多样性分析

利用8对已发表的翘嘴鳜微卫星引物,对5种鳜属鱼类翘嘴鳜、大眼鳜、斑鳜、波纹鳜和暗鳜共147个个体进行跨种扩增和遗传多样性的研究。结果发现,8个微卫星标记除位点HW8在波纹鳜中无多态性外,其他位点在5种鳜属鱼类中都具有较高的多态性。每个位点等位基因数为4~8个不等,平均等位基因数为6.13;在5个物种中分析的平均有效等位基因数为3.58,平均观测和期望杂合度分别为0.75和0.59,平均多态性信息含量0.51,为高度多态,表明鳜属鱼类物种的遗传多样性比较丰富。采用Nei’s遗传距离和遗传相似性系数分析5种鳜属鱼类系统发育关系,并构建UPGMA聚类图,结果显示翘嘴鳜和大眼鳜、斑鳜和波纹鳜分别有较近的亲缘关系,斑鳜和暗鳜亲缘关系最远。