Study on Genetic Fingerprinting Technique of Microbial Communities

The 99% of all microorganisms in naturecannot be isolated by standard culture methods without conspicuous external characters to classify them morphologically. In addition, classification based on physiological or biochemical features are often fuzzy. Molecular techniques are used for uncultured microorganisms to explore the diversity of microbial communities and novel resources without the need of cultivation. DNA dynamics and cloning of PCR products obtained from environmental DNA is now routinely used to identify microbial populations in microbial ecology. For practical reasons the approach is not suited to study the complex dynamics of microbial communities in environment. Genetic fingerprinting techniques are better tools, which give complement for the traditional microbiological methods. The methods are rapid and relatively easy to perform, and they allow the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples, which makes it possible to compare the genetic diversity of microbial communities from different habitats, or to study the behaviour of individual communities over time.     

Determination of vc and mating types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates by multiplex PCR and their genetic diversity in 13 chestnut-growing provinces of Turkey

Vegetative compatibility (vc) and mating types and genetic diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates were determined using 183 isolates obtained from 215 infected chestnut trees growing in 13 provinces of Turkey. Based on the cultural aspects, 143 of these isolates were evaluated as virulent whereas the remaining 40 isolates were hypovirulent. When vc types of 183 isolates were classically differentiated, 135 of them matched to EU-1 (82.3%), 29 of them to EU-12 (17.6%) vc type, whereas 19 of them did not match to the two. When molecular vic markers were used, all the isolates were assigned to two EU vc types; 149 to EU-1 (81.4%) and 34 (18.5%) to EU-12. Of the majority of the isolates, 134 (73.2%) had mating-type MAT-1, while 44 (24%) isolates had MAT-2 and 5 (2.8%) isolates had both mating types. The population analysis based on two DNA marker systems, Inter-Primer Binding Site and Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism, showed no intraspecific genetic variation among the C. parasitica isolates. The prevalence of two dominant vc types revealed by this study shows that biological control with hypovirulent EU-1 and EU-12 isolates will be significant for the country. The results might be helpful to chestnut breeders carrying out resistance breeding studies to manage this disease based on hypovirulence attributed to Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.     

Soil bacterial characteristics between surface and subsurface soils along a precipitation gradient in the Alxa Desert,China

Bacteria in desert soil have unique phylogeny and important ecological functions, and theirresponses to changes in precipitation need further attention. However, relevant studies have mainlyfocused on the surface soil, and studies on the responses of bacteria at different soil depths to variationsin precipitation are rare. Thus, we used 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to investigate the changesin soil bacterial distribution along a mean annual precipitation gradient (50–150 mm) in the Alxa Desert,China, and compared the variation characteristics in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and subsurface soillayer (10–20 cm). Results showed that soil bacterial communities significantly changed along theprecipitation gradient in both soil layers. However, the subsurface soil layer could support bacterialcommunities with higher diversity and closer internal relationships but more internal competition than thesurface soil layer. Additionally, compared with the surface soil layer, variations in diversity andco-occurrence patterns in the subsurface soil layer were more in line with the changes in the mean annualprecipitation, while bacterial community structure was less variable in the subsurface soil layer. Comparedwith the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture had little influence on the structure and diversity of soilbacterial community but had a high correlation with intercommunity connectivity. Therefore, soilmoisture might play a complex role in mediating environmental conditions and soil bacterial communitycharacteristics. Due to the different responses of surface and subsurface soil bacteria to the changes inprecipitation, it is necessary to distinguish different soil layers when predicting the trends in desert soilbacterial conditions associated with precipitation, and prediction of subsurface soil bacteria may be moreaccurate.     

燕山板栗种质资源AFLP遗传多样性分析

为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种.共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性.用NT.SYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析.所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群.在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间.燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的.结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义.     

Microsatellite Marker Based Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Cultivars, Landraces and Wild Relatives in Rice

India being the primary center of origin for rice had a very large treasure of local land races, most of which are out of cultivation today. The exact genetic potential and their differences from commercial varieties and the magnitude of heterogeneity still present in them are not well catalogued. Hence the need to characterize the available land races has become imminent in the modem day concept of crop improvement （Rezai and Frey, 1990）. The present study addresses the utility of SSR markers in divulging the genetic relationships at molecular level among the major component factions office gennplasm viz., local cultivars, land races and wild species collected from a wide range of agro-geographical regions of Indian subcontinent.     

广东新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落组成、多样性和保护策略

2006年8月～2007年7月,采用样带法,对广东省新会银湖湾湿地鸟类群落进行了研究,共记录70种,隶属13目28科48属.其中国家二级重点保护鸟类4种,广东省重点保护鸟类10种.东洋种35种,古北种26种,广布种9种.鸟类群落多样性以潮滩湿地最高,多样性指数3.514 0,均匀性指数0.881 1.新会银湖湾湿地鸟类资源丰富,分析了鸟类的重要性和稀缺性,开发建设必须正确处理湿地鸟类保护的关系,实现生态环境可持续发展,并提出了相应的保护策略.     

兰州市高校校园绿地群落物种组成及多样性分析

初步尝试采用天然群落样带调查法对兰州市几所具有代表性高校校园绿地群落进行调查,分析其物种组成、重要值及多样性等特征,为城市生态学研究及校园绿化建设提供理论根据。调查结果表明:5所院校绿化树种中被子植物种类数量均占绝对优势,裸子植物偏少,以蔷薇科、杨柳科、蝶形花科植物为主,显示出北方地域植被的特点;除甘肃农业大学外,其它4所院校绿化树种中的乡土种比例均高于栽培和外来种;甘肃省委党校校园物种种类丰富,均匀度指数较大,多样性较高;其它4所院校绿地群落多样性水平均不高。5所院校校园乔木层、灌木层Shannon-Weiner指数(H’)和Simpon指数的统计结果基本一致。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区沙棘人工林不同恢复阶段物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系研究

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区沙棘人工林不同恢复阶段物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系进行了研究.结果表明,在沙棘人工林恢复的初、中期阶段,α-多样性指数和土壤肥力(有机质含量和氮含量)的增加正相关较明显,在恢复的中期β-多样性指数变化较强烈,且土壤有机质含量变化较大,表现出在沙棘人工林恢复的同时,土壤有机质含量也会有所增加,二者基本上是同步的.对土壤肥力与沙棘人工林植物组成性状的关系进行多元回归分析后发现,土壤全氮与木本植物种数、植物种数和物种多样性等因素有关;全磷与物种多样性等因素有关;土壤全钾和pH值的变化比较复杂,与植物组成性状的关系不明显.     

农牧交错带不同封育时间对植物特征值及多样性的影响

为研究我国北方农牧交错带不同封育时间对干旱、半干旱草原植物特征值及多样性的影响,同时探索农牧交错带草原封育周期,本研究选取位于我国农牧交错带的宁夏盐池人工封育草原为研究对象,采用样方调查法,于每年7-8月份(植物生长季节)对封育区植被生长状况进行调查,调查内容包括:植物名称、植物种数、株数、盖度、高度、地上生物量(鲜重)等。运用生态学、地统计学原理,结合Biodiversity Pro、Microcal Origin等生态学统计软件对外业数据进行处理、分析,结果表明:封育2-3年后植物群落优势种优势地位得到巩固,而一些伴生种则在竞争中消失;封育区植物特征值在封育2-3年后达到最大,如地上生物量(鲜重)在封育3年达到最大值,为6907.75kg/hm2,此后呈下降趋势;封育区主要植物重要值及植物物种多样性均在封育2-3年后出现最大值,此后也不同程度地呈下降趋势。     

不同水稻品种间栽方式控制稻瘟病试验

利用4个当地主栽杂交稻品种与1个优质感病糯稻品种配置4个组合进行混合间栽组合控制稻瘟病试验。结果表明,不同品种混合间栽对稻瘟病具有较好的防治效果,间栽区各品种的平均叶瘟和穗瘟发病率均比净栽区低,尤其对优质易感病糯稻品种,穗瘟相对防治效果达到46.90%~77.36%。混合间栽较之净栽区可在一定程度上增加各品种的单位面积产量,平均增产幅度可达675.0~921.3 kg/hm2。