典型麻竹林土壤植硅体碳的空间异质性特征

土壤植硅体碳(Phytolith Occluded Organic Carbon,Phyt OC)是土壤稳定性碳库的重要来源之一,对于增强土壤碳汇,维持全球CO2平衡具有重要意义。为了了解土壤植硅体碳的空间分布,基于地统计学方法,结合Arc GIS 10.0空间分析软件,分析典型麻竹主产区——福建南靖县麻竹林不同土层的土壤植硅体碳的空间变异性。结果表明:南靖县麻竹土壤植硅体碳平均含量介于0.30~0.75g kg-1之间,变异系数介于80.38%~87.46%,表现为中等程度的变异性;地统计分析得出块基比介于8.7%~74.9%,有较强的空间自相关性,且参数比均较小,模型拟合度较好;0~100 cm土层土壤植硅体碳平均储量为4.23 t hm-2;土壤植硅体碳含量随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低,土壤植硅体碳、土壤植硅体和土壤全硅的空间分布图较为相似,它们之间也呈极显著正相关关系(p0.01)。样地的竹林年龄与表层的土壤植硅体碳呈现显著正相关关系(p0.05)。样地的海拔与表层的土壤植硅体碳呈现显著负相关关系(p0.05)。     

陕西省农田土壤紧实度空间变异及其影响因素

为探明陕西省农田土壤紧实度现状及区域差异,2013年在全省选取228个调查点,对1 100多块地的农田土壤紧实度进行调查。结果表明:陕西省农田耕层土壤紧实度为250.0~2 080.0kPa,平均为781.3kPa,变异性中等;全省各区犁底层紧实度为716.0~5 650.0kPa,平均为2 900.5kPa,中等变异。耕层土壤紧实度以关中东部和陕南东部较大,1 000kPa以上,陕北大部分县区耕层比较疏松;犁底层紧实度以关中地区及陕南东部较大,在3 000kPa以上,陕北地区犁底层紧实度普遍较低。耕层土壤紧实度主要受区域位置、农田利用类型、地形、作物类型、耕作方式及土壤类型影响(P0.05);犁底层紧实度受区域位置、作物类型、地形、耕作方式、熟制、机耕年限、灌溉情况、土壤类型以及土壤含水量等因素影响(P0.05)。     

生态位理论及其测度研究进展

许多学者都试图给生态位下定义 ,但最具代表性的当推Grinnell、Elton和Hutchinson分别给出的“空间生态位”、“功能生态位”和“多维超体积生态位”定义 ;生态位测度包括生态位宽度、生态位重叠、生态位体积及生态位维数等 ,其中生态位宽度和生态位重叠是描述一个物种的生态位以及物种生态位间关系的重要指标 .该文列举并分析了每一个测度公式的优缺点 ,进而优选出适合森林群落的生态位计测公式 .指出利用性竞争的一个必要条件是生态位重叠 ,但重叠并不一定导致竞争 ,竞争是在资源供应不足且生态位重叠条件下形成的 .     

Simulating Agricultural Conversion to Residential use in the Hudson River Valley: Scenario Analyses and Case Studies

Land use changes threaten agricultural land. If agricultural land is going to be preserved, the social and economic causes of conversion must be understood. However, analyzing the causes of agricultural conversion is complex because trends need to be documented before analyzing the causes. One of the leading uses of agricultural land is for residential purposes. This paper projects residential development in a Hudson River Valley watershed within Dutchess County in New York State using an integrated modeling framework consisting of an econometric model, a geographic information system (GIS), and Monte Carlo simulation. The econometric model is used to project residential development, providing parcel-specific probabilities of residential development. The GIS is employed to extract socio-economic and county-level tax parcel data to be used in conjunction with bio-geophysical attributes, such as slope, soil, and location, to calculate and project growth trends on a residential level for undeveloped land parcels. Monte Carlo simulation is used to distribute these projections into the GIS to display outcomes of scenario analyses to provide policy-makers a demonstration of how policies would likely affect the agricultural landscape of the watershed. John M. Polimeni is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Albany College of Pharmacy in Albany, New York. Dr. Polimeni received a PhD in Ecological Economics and a BS in Mathematics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. His professional interests include: quantitative economics, spatial and regional economics, land use change, economic development, and graduate education in Ecological Economics. He is currently working on linking ecological economics with the laws of thermodynamics and neuroeconomics into one unified model.     

沈阳市土壤重金属的空间变异规律分析

运用地统计学采样和分析方法,研究了沈阳市土壤重金属污染的空间变异特征及其规律。结果表明,土壤4种重金属平均值含量最大的为铅,最小的为铬,变异系数大小顺序为铜〉锌〉铅〉铬。经理论模型的最优拟合,发现锌、铜的最佳拟合,模型为指数模型,铅的最佳拟合模型为球状模型,铬的最佳拟合模型为线形模型。4种重金属中锌、铜的空间相关性较强,其空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起的;铅的空间相关性适中,其空间变异是由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用的;铬的空间结构性最弱,其变异主要是由随机性因素引起的。     

海拔和坡向对北亚热带檫木天然次生林生长、空间结构和树种组成的影响

基于对北亚热带檫木天然次生林的野外调查和数据分析,研究了海拔和坡向对檫木生长、空间结构和树种组成等方面的影响。结果表明:在海拔1 000 m以上山地,檫木的胸径和树高生长量及胸径/树高均差于海拔1 000 m以下的山地,人工林造林地选择宜在海拔1 000 m以下;随阳坡→半阳坡→半阴坡→阴坡坡位变化,檫木生长量和胸径/树高呈逐渐减小趋势。阳坡和半阳坡差异不显著,是理想的檫木造林坡向;檫木纯林或者混交林可以采用均匀造林模式。在海拔500 m以下阳坡,可以实现混交增产造林树种的混交伴生树种为杉木、香樟和枫香;在海拔500 m以下半阳坡,混交伴生树种为杉木、亮叶桦、枫香和枳椇;在海拔500~1 000 m的阳坡山地,混交伴生树种为甜槠、枫香和木荷;在海拔500~1 000 m的半阳坡山地,混交伴生树种为木荷、麻栎、杜英、枫香和紫茎。初步解决了北亚热带山地檫木分布区划分、空间结构变化及互利混交树种等问题,可以为檫木人工造林的林地选择、造林模式和混交伴生树种选取等方面提供理论依据。     

不同施氮量对滴灌春小麦根系时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响

为明确新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦不同施氮量对小麦根系的时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响。以‘新春19号’为试验材料,利用田间定位试验,研究在小麦拔节期、抽穗期、开花期及成熟期施氮量0kg/hm~2(N_0对照)、150kg/hm~2(N_1)、300kg/hm~2(N_2)、450kg/hm~2(N_3)4个处理,对小麦根系根长密度、根体积、根质量等在0~100cm土层的垂直分布、动态变化及产量构成因素和产量的影响。结果表明:开花期是各处理小麦根长密度、根体积与根质量变化最为剧烈阶段;0~20cm是各处理根量值(根质量、根体积、根长密度)最大层;施氮量适宜(N_2)时,表层根量增加,氮素利用率最高;施氮量过高(N_3)可获得较高的表层根量和产量,但导致最低的氮素利用率;施氮量过少(N_1)可获得较高氮素利用率,但土层根量和产量较低;氮素严重缺乏(N_0)导致表层土壤根系数量减少,影响养分吸收并导致产量最低。建议在新疆干旱区滴灌春小麦区域采用施氮量300kg/hm~2更有利于实现节肥和高产的统一。     

The use of herders’ accounts to map livestock activities across agropastoral landscapes in Semi-Arid Africa

Improved understandings of the agricultural and range ecologies ofsemi-arid Africa require better information on the spatiotemporal distributionof domestic livestock across agropastoral landscapes. An empirical GIS-basedapproach was developed for estimating distributions of herded livestock acrossthree agropastoral territories (around 100 km² each)over a two-year period. Algorithms developed from regression analyses of herdtracking data (with R²s 0.67) are used to transform a morecomprehensive but incomplete set of data generated from herders accounts oftheir herds grazing itineraries (400 herds following 6500 itineraries). Theresulting characterization registers 40 000 days of livestock activitiesacross694 land units (averaging 70 ha) over the study period. This studydemonstrates that rural producers knowledge of their daily extractionpracticescan be translated to fine-grained characterizations of extraction densitiesacross mixed landscapes. The spatiotemporal distribution of livestock that isrevealed by this approach diverges strongly from that predicted bycommonly-usedpoint-diffusion estimation procedures. Instead, the distribution reflects localpatterns of land use, topography, vegetation, settlements, and water points.Grazing and nongrazing times spent in land units are not spatially correlatedand the seasonality of grazing pressure is spatially variable. Therefore, theecological impacts of livestock grazing are spatially variable at fine scalesand there is a significant potential for livestock-mediated nutrient transfersacross agropastoral landscapes. The georeferenced data produced by thisapproachnot only will help evaluate the impact and sustainability of differentmanagement practices but also provides a strong empirical base for improvedspatial modeling of herded livestock.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄刺蛾幼虫在核桃幼园的空间分布型及抽样技术

[目的]研究黄刺蛾幼虫在核桃幼园的空间分布型与抽样技术,为其测报和防治提供理论依据。[方法]采用聚集指标法,Iwao回归分析法和Taylor指数法评判黄刺蛾幼虫的空间分布型,根据Iwao-Kuno理论抽样数学模型确定其理论抽样公式。[结果]测定的聚集指标值C>1,I>0,K>0,m*/x>1,CA>0;Iwaom*-m回归中α=5.845 6>0,β=1.996 6>1;Taylor指数lga=0.741 6>0,b=1.474 0>1。聚集均数λ>2。[结论]黄刺蛾幼虫在核桃幼园的空间分布型为聚集分布,聚集度随密度增大而增强。聚集原因由昆虫本身习性和环境共同引起的。其最适理论抽样公式为n=t2/D2(6.845 6/x+0.996 6)。