张家界永定区耕地土壤有效磷现状及其空间特征

[目的]弄清永定区耕地土壤有效磷含量特征与空间分异规律,为测土配方施肥和农业面源污染控制提供依据。[方法]采用野外调查取样、室内分析测定、3S技术等方法进行。[结果]永定区耕地土壤有效磷平均为15.3 mg/kg,水田略高于旱地;土壤有效磷空间分布总体呈小团块状或条带状,不同土类与行政区域差异较大,以三级含量水平分布面积最大,为13 281.0 hm2。[结论]永定区耕地土壤有效磷含量总体处于中等偏高水平,但空间变异较大。在磷肥施用中应结合土壤有效磷含量与空间分布规律进行,以防止高值区土壤有效磷盈余过高,造成肥料浪费与农业面源污染的危险。     

上海市区街道灰尘重金属污染研究

对上海市区街道灰尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性进行了研究,结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn的平均含量分别为264、182、86和673 mg kg-1,远高于上海市土壤环境背景值;重金属含量空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb和Zn污染中心区主要位于商业区和内环线附近,Ni污染中心区主要位于外环线附近;市区街道灰尘中Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机物结合态存在,Ni主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在;其生物有效性表现为:Ni≈Pb>Zn>Cu。     

三江平原农田地表和地下土壤螨群落空间自相关性研究

多尺度空间自相关性是土壤动物空间异质性和空间共存格局研究的重要基础。在中国科学院三江平原沼泽湿地生态实验站的农田内,以5 m为步长设置一个50 m×50 m的样地,结合全局Moran’s I和局部Moran’s I指数,研究地表、地下和地表—地下土壤螨群落多尺度空间自相关性特征。结果表明,地表和地下土壤螨群落的物种数量和平均密度均有显著差异。全局空间自相关性结果表明,除了地表螨群落,地下螨群落平均密度在8月(35~40 m)和10月(5~30 m)、地表—地下螨群落平均密度在8月(5~10 m和35~45 m)和10月(5~35 m)均有显著的多尺度全局空间自相关性,土壤螨群落中数量较多的优势和常见类群易形成明显的多尺度全局空间自相关性。局部空间自相关性结果表明,地表、地下和地表—地下螨群落及所有螨类的平均密度均存在显著的局部空间自相关性,形成"斑块"和"孔隙"并存的水平分布格局。本研究表明,多尺度全局空间自相关性是地下和地表—地下土壤螨群落的重要特征,群落和物种的平均密度均在局部地区形成"斑块"和"孔隙"并存的的水平分布格局。     

Spatial Evolution of Tourism-Oriented Rural Residential Space: A Case Study of Xiaochuanfangyu Village,Dongshuichang Village and Maojiayu Village in Jizhou District,Tianjin

Currently, rural residential space can't continue to meet the growing demand for tourism receptions because of the development of rural tourism, resulting in the evolution and reconstruction of residential space in rural areas. In the past decade, rural tourism has become the main driving force for industrial transformation and economic growth in rural areas of China. Taking three tourism-oriented villages in Jizhou District, Tianjin, namely Xiaochuanfangyu Village, Dongshuichang Village and Maojiayu Village, as the objects of the research, this paper analyzed the influence of rural tourism on the evolution of rural residential space from the perspectives of the spatial pattern and architectural style at the microscopic scale.     

Simulating Agricultural Conversion to Residential use in the Hudson River Valley: Scenario Analyses and Case Studies

Land use changes threaten agricultural land. If agricultural land is going to be preserved, the social and economic causes of conversion must be understood. However, analyzing the causes of agricultural conversion is complex because trends need to be documented before analyzing the causes. One of the leading uses of agricultural land is for residential purposes. This paper projects residential development in a Hudson River Valley watershed within Dutchess County in New York State using an integrated modeling framework consisting of an econometric model, a geographic information system (GIS), and Monte Carlo simulation. The econometric model is used to project residential development, providing parcel-specific probabilities of residential development. The GIS is employed to extract socio-economic and county-level tax parcel data to be used in conjunction with bio-geophysical attributes, such as slope, soil, and location, to calculate and project growth trends on a residential level for undeveloped land parcels. Monte Carlo simulation is used to distribute these projections into the GIS to display outcomes of scenario analyses to provide policy-makers a demonstration of how policies would likely affect the agricultural landscape of the watershed. John M. Polimeni is an Assistant Professor of Economics in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Albany College of Pharmacy in Albany, New York. Dr. Polimeni received a PhD in Ecological Economics and a BS in Mathematics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. His professional interests include: quantitative economics, spatial and regional economics, land use change, economic development, and graduate education in Ecological Economics. He is currently working on linking ecological economics with the laws of thermodynamics and neuroeconomics into one unified model.     

Comanagement for aquaculture: Suggestions from a comparative study between two major production areas of milkfish in the Philippines

ABSTRACT

This study examined if, and how, comanagement is effective in controlling aquaculture industry in the municipalities of Anda and Bolinao in the province of Pangasinan, in the Philippines, the locations of two major production areas of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in the country. Institutional and community analyses conducted in these study sites revealed a unique hierarchy of resource users, as well as unique social and economic problems in aquaculture, distinct from those of capture fishery. It was also indicated that comanagement is seen as a solution for essential practices to be enforced practically and sustainably for the management of this industry. To improve aquaculture governance, it is desired that the comanagement scheme shall include not only the governments and fishers but also business operators who often have large capital and a high degree of power.     

晚熟桃园梨小食心虫越冬茧的空间分布研究

[目的]了解晚熟桃园梨小食心虫越虫茧的空间分布情况。[方法]以中华寿桃、北京晚蜜和黄金冬桃为试材,研究了晚熟桃园梨小食心虫越冬茧的空间分布情况。[结果]越冬茧主要分布在桃树的地上部,土壤及地表枯枝中较少,残果、芽、落叶和杂草内未发现越冬茧;各部位的梨小食心虫越冬茧比例分别为:地上部占越冬茧总量的89.62%,土壤中占10.31%,地表枯枝中占0.69%。[结论]为梨小食心虫越冬代的防治提供了理论依据。     

重庆耕地土壤重金属Hg、Cr含量的空间变异性研究

在兼顾重庆三峡库区耕地土壤类型与样点分布相对均匀性的前提下,对重庆三峡库区内39个县区耕地的455个观测点取样分析,测定了代表不同土壤类型耕地的Hg、Cr重金属含量,并应用地统计学的方法分析了数据的统计特征值和结构特征。结果表明:Hg和Cr服从对数正态分布。拟合得到Hg和Cr的半方差函数模型分别为幂函数和球状模型,Hg、Gr在空间上均存在中等相关性。采用Kriging内插法对未测点重金属进行最优估计,并绘制了Kriging插值图,发现研究区土壤中Cr的含量受局部的随机性因素影响程度较大。     

江苏省县域单元土地集约利用空间格局研究

分别从土地利用强度、土地投入强度、土地利用经济产出等3个方面构建了3级15个因子的评价指标体系,采用主成分分析法和熵值法对江苏省区域土地集约利用水平进行了定量评估,并分析了区域土地利用集约度的空间格局。从江苏省区域土地利用集约度来看,可将江苏省分为高集约地区、中集约地区和低集约地区3类。其中高集约地区主要分布在苏南地区;中集约地区主要分布在苏中和苏北部分地区;低集约地区主要分布在苏北地区。从区域差异来看,以南北差异为主,东西差异为辅,长江成为江苏省土地利用集约差异的南北分界线。     

基于空间统计的南京市雾霾影响因素分析

[目的]定量研究雾霾的影响因素及其空间相关性。[方法]利用南京市MODIS气溶胶产品、气象数据以及社会经济数据,结合空间统计方法和传统统计方法对影响南京市雾霾的因素进行分析,利用Geoda分析气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据的空间相关性,并利用SPSS软件分析南京市雾霾的影响因素。[结果]空气质量指数(AQI)与温度、风力和湿度呈现显著负相关,其中,与温度、风力相关程度较大,与湿度相关程度较小;空气质量与二氧化碳浓度、二氧化硫浓度、工业粉尘排放量和工业烟尘排放量呈显著负相关;空气质量与人口、第三产业总值呈显著正相关,与汽车数量呈显著负相关;4个季节的AOD分布均是显著自相关的;在春夏季节,浦口区表现为高聚集,春季的栖霞区和夏季的雨花台区表现为低高聚集;冬季,浦口区和栖霞区表现为高聚集;秋季,高聚集现象进一步扩散。[结论]空气质量主要受气候、空气污染和环境污染的影响,有空间自相关的特点。