扇贝加工废弃物蛋白酶解及其酶解产物分子量分布的研究

对用复合酶酶解扇贝加工废弃物制备水解蛋白的工艺进行了研究,通过正交试验方法确定了用两种复合酶酶解的最适水解条件。结果表明,用枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶和风味酶复合酶酶解的最佳酶解参数为:加酶量比为2∶1,温度为65℃,pH为7.0,时间为5 h,水解液氨基酸态氮含量为50.3%,蛋白质水解度为95.5%。用木瓜蛋白酶和风味酶复合酶酶解的最佳酶解参数为:加酶量比为2∶1,温度为65℃,pH为7.0,时间为5 h,水解液氨基酸态氮含量为43.2%,蛋白质水解度为85.0%。用SephadexG-15葡聚糖凝胶柱层析法对水解产物的分析结果表明,两种混合酶的酶解产物为蛋白肽和游离氨基酸,其相对分子质量均集中分布在585和150左右。     

桑树资源概况及其多元化利用

桑树是具有广泛用途的木本植物。就我国桑树种质资源分类以及不同生态类型的分布情况,从养蚕业、生态建设、畜牧饲料、果业开发、庭园观赏、医药保健、食品生产、化工应用等方面对桑树植物资源的多元化利用价值进行了概述,并对桑树植物多元化利用研究作了展望。     

设施栽培条件下桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转及分配特性

利用放射性同位素14C-示踪方法研究了设施桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转分配特性。结果表明:在果实膨大期和果实成熟期,分配到果实中的14C-同化物均最多,且随着果实生长,分配到果实中的14C-同化物增加。叶片的自留量小于果实获得的14C-同化物量,且随果实生长,叶片的自留量越少。在各器官中果实的竞争势最强,其次叶片与根系也具有较强的竞争势。14C-同化物在各器官的分配状况与各器官积累的可溶性总糖和淀粉含量相对应。     

植保无人飞机不同施药模式对Y形梨树雾滴沉积分布研究

为了研究油动单旋翼植保无人飞机采用“行间飞”和“Y间飞”2种飞行施药模式对Y形梨园进行喷雾作业后雾滴在Y形梨树冠层中的沉积分布规律,以30 g/L的诱惑红85水溶液为喷雾剂,铜版纸为雾滴收集卡,设计了4种不同作业速度梯度对Y形梨树喷雾效果试验,研究对比了不同飞行速度条件下2种飞行施药模式的雾滴沉积分布情况。试验结果表明：采用“行间飞”飞行施药模式喷雾时,雾滴在Y形梨树主枝外部的沉积密度高于在内部的沉积密度雾滴,且飞行速度为2 m/s和3 m/s时的沉积密度比飞行速度为4 m/s和5 m/s的沉积密度显著偏高。“Y间飞”飞行施药模式下雾滴在Y形梨树冠层不同位置的雾滴沉积分布更均匀。在风速小于1.3 m/s的微风条件下,当使用油动单旋翼植保无人飞机以距离Y形梨树冠层顶部2 m的高度喷雾作业时,应当采用“Y间飞”飞行施药模式,同时飞行速度以2?3 m/s为宜,此时雾滴的沉积密度在冠层内部和外部均大于15个/cm2。研究结果可以为使用植保无人飞机防控梨园病虫害提供喷雾技术依据。     

植保无人飞机喷施叶面肥作业参数对枇杷冠层雾滴沉积分布的影响

为探究植保无人飞机（大疆T30）作业参数对枇杷冠层雾滴沉积分布的影响。本文利用3个因素（作业高度、作业速度、亩用液量）,3因子的正交实验,进行植保无人飞机喷洒枇杷树的喷雾试验。试验结果表明：从雾滴沉积密度、雾滴覆盖率和雾滴穿透性等因素来看,植保无人飞机对枇杷树的最佳作业参数为：作业高度2.0m、作业速度4.5m·s-1、亩用液量2.0L。对雾滴穿透冠层的影响最大的因素是工作高度;在1.5m的作业高度下雾滴沉积穿透性最佳。本研究对指导植保无人飞机枇杷树精准喷施叶面肥具有重要意义。     

湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙不同海拔果实品质变化及枯水防控技术研究

以湖北三峡库区秭归地区不同海拔伦晚脐橙（Citrus sinensis Osbeck ‘Lane late’ Navel）果实为试验材料,探讨了湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控栽培技术,进行了晚熟脐橙种植区域布局研究,结果表明,在湖北三峡库区,江南晚熟脐橙适宜区域化种植在海拔360 m以下,江北在海拔350 m以下。在适宜范围外,随海拔升高,晚熟脐橙果实品质下降,可食率、果汁率降低,酸下降快,化渣性变差,果实枯水加重。其次,探讨了晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控生产技术,冬季套袋试验效果好,果实枯水比率控制在5%以下,显著低于对照果实（枯水率50%）,可有效减轻和防止晚熟脐橙果实枯水,而且套袋果实外观好,品质优。覆膜技术效果其次,果实枯水比率可以控制在20%以下,而且该技术简便、劳动量小且成本较低,可以在生产中应用。     

6种高丛蓝莓叶片形态解剖特征的比较研究

以辽南地区引种的6个高丛蓝莓品种为试验材料,通过叶片扫描、“指甲油印迹法”和石蜡切片法对比研究了各品种叶片形态解剖特征。结果表明：北高品种叶片的分形维数高于南高,大粒蓝金最大,库帕最小,但北高品种叶厚小于南高;南高品种气孔大于北高,而气孔密度小于北高品种,品种间气孔形状无明显差异;气孔分布随观察视野的变大皆呈均匀分布到随机分布,北高品种先于南高变为随机分布;南高品种表皮细胞、栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度大于北高,角质层和中脉厚度南北差异较小,但北高品种的中脉与叶片厚度之比高于南高品种;叶片组织紧密度、疏松度和栅海比南北两大种植品系之间无规律性变异,品种之间却存在显著差异。     

Application of imidacloprid controlled-release granules to enhance the utilization rate and control wheat aphid on winter wheat

During winter wheat production, aphids need to be controlled with pesticides for the entire growth period. Controlled-release technology has been regarded as an alternative method for the improvement of pesticide efficiency. This study investigated two types of imidacloprid controlled-release granule (CR-GR): 2% imidacloprid CR-GR and 0.2% imidacloprid pesticide-fertilizer controlled-release granule (PF-CR-GR) when wheat was sown in winter. The release performance, utilization rate, terminal residues in edible parts, control effect on aphids, and achieved winter wheat yield were evaluated for both laboratory experiments and field application. Imidacloprid PF-CR-GR released more quickly in aqueous medium than CR-GR because of its good water solubility. After CR-GR treatments, the concentrations in wheat roots and soil were similar throughout the entire sampling period, and the concentrations in shoots were about 10–20% of those in roots. Imidacloprid was better absorbed when CR-GR was used as root treatment, compared with foliar treatment. Field application showed that imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR controlled aphids throughout the entire growth period of winter wheat and improved the wheat yield. These findings identified application of imidacloprid CR-GR and PF-CR-GR on winter wheat as an effective way to enhance the pesticide utilization rate and ensure adequate yield. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pesticides and guides scientific pesticide application.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

基于CLIMEX和ArcGIS的灰茶尺蠖在中国的潜在适生区预测

基于中国820个气象站点数据、灰茶尺蠖已知地理分布资料和生物学数据,结合CLIMEX模型与ArcGIS软件模拟预测灰茶尺蠖在中国目前及未来的潜在分布范围,评估灰茶尺蠖的潜在分布范围及气候变暖对其分布的潜在影响。结果表明,灰茶尺蠖在中国目前的适生区主要分布在3°51′N~40°6′N,适生区面积占全国总面积的34.27%。中国大部分省份的气候条件均适合灰茶尺蠖种群生长。随着气候的变化,灰茶尺蠖在中国的潜在适生区面积总体增幅不大,但其组成变化较大。至2050年,预测灰茶尺蠖高度适生区面积占比达最大（22.23%）。相比各种能源之间的平衡情景（A1B）,较高能源需求情景（A2）下灰茶尺蠖在陕甘宁地区向内陆扩张更快。灰茶尺蠖在中国适生区分布广泛,应加强灰茶尺蠖预测预报,趁早采取防控措施,以保障茶叶优质安全生产。