Influence of lime and phosphorus on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yield,leaf and seed composition on a paleudult soil

Abstract

This research was undertaken on a paleudult soil in southern Brazil, 30° south latitude, to quantify lime and P effect upon soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). A lime x P factorial experience with lime treatments of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 times SMP interpretation to pH 6.5, and 0, 44, 88, 132, and 176 kg P/ha with 3 replications were installed. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (1973–74, 1974–75), with leaf‐N, P, and K; yield; seed‐N, P, and K; Bray P₂ (0.03N NH₄F + 0.1N HC1) avail‐able‐P and soil pH measurements completed each year. Data was evaluated with linear, quadratic, logarithmic, polynomial, segmented line, and multiple regression using the coefficient of determination as goodness of fit.

The best model fit between P treatment and Bray P₂ available‐P was a quadratic equation; the model between relative yield and Bray P_2‐P with 54% of the relative yield attributed to Bray P₂ available‐P, a sigmented line. This model indicated point of maximum yield (91% relative yield) was obtained at 7.4 ppm‐P, with no increase in relative yield with increasing levels of soil available‐P. To calculate the P fertilizer necessary to increase available soil‐P to the level of maximum yield of equation Y_p = [1639(7.4 ‐ x_s)]^1/2, where Y_p = kg P/ha fertilizer needed; and x_s = initial Bray P₂ soil available‐P in ppm's. The lime effect upon soil pH was best described as a linear relationship. Yield increase with lime at this site was not significant at the 5% level.

The leaf‐N, P, and K increased significantly with soil available‐P levels. A second degree polynomial with logarithmic function best defined these relationships. The calculated DRIS indices and sum proved useful to evaluate the plant‐N, P, and K balance of each treatment.

Only seed‐P level was directly related to soil available‐P. Both seed‐N and seed‐K were highly correlated with indirect effects of soil available‐P levels.

Results from this study suggest the segmented line model would best interpret soybean yield response to Bray P₂ available‐P for this soil. To obtain maximum yield using this model rather than the second degree polynomial would require less fertilizer P. Foliar analyses interpretation confirmed adequate plant‐P level would be supplied for maximum yield at this level of fertilization.     

东北黑土区大豆根际促生菌群落组成研究

为明确东北黑土区大豆根际促生菌的群落组成,选择内蒙古自治区鄂温克族自治旗、黑龙江省海伦市、黑龙江省克山县和黑龙江省农垦红兴隆农场4个采样点,分析了大豆根际自生固氮菌、解磷菌、溶磷菌和硅酸盐细菌的群落组成,解析了促生菌种与地域之间的对应关系。结果表明:东北黑土区的大豆根际土壤中存在大量促生菌,自生固氮菌达到104cfu.g 1,溶磷菌和解磷菌达到105cfu.g 1,硅酸盐细菌达到103cfu.g 1;分离得到具有自生固氮能力的菌株5株,溶磷菌6株,解磷菌7株,硅酸盐细菌4株;自生固氮菌多样性指数在0.94~1.60之间,溶磷菌多样性指数在0.83~1.52之间,解磷菌的多样性指数在1.07~1.67之间,硅酸盐细菌多样性指数在0.52~0.96之间,4个取样点大豆根际促生菌的多样性指数均大于2。采用对应分析确定了不同地区的典型促生菌,内蒙古鄂温克族自治旗的特征种为自生固氮菌LLN8(Azotobacter beijerinckia indica),黑龙江省海伦市的特征种为溶磷菌DHS13(Micrococcus),黑龙江省克山县的特征种为溶磷菌DHS19(Pseudomo-nas),黑龙江省红兴隆农场的特征种为自生固氮菌LLN1(A.chrooco-ccum)和溶磷菌DHS5(Azotobacter)。同时明确了LLN2(A.azomonas)、LLN6(Bacillus mucilaginosus)、DHS9(Arthrobacter)、DHSO2(Pseudomonas)、DHSO14(Erwinia)、DHSO17(Corynebacterium)和LSJ21(Bacillus)在东北黑土区大豆根际分布较为广泛,这些菌株为研发中国东北黑土区大豆专用型复合生物肥料提供了基础条件。     

水平转筒内大豆颗粒随机运动与混合特性模拟

基于离散单元法,利用EDEM软件对水平转筒内大豆颗粒运动的随机性与混合特性进行了模拟研究,分析了转筒转速与装载量对颗粒随机运动及混合特性的影响.结果表明:转筒转速的提高有利于改善颗粒的随机运动过程,而且颗粒的混合效果增强,混合速度加快.装载量的影响相反,随着装载量的增大,颗粒在转筒径向方向的随机运动虽有增大,但堆积现象比较明显,沿转筒轴向方向的随机运动明显降低,颗粒的混合速度变慢,混合效果变差.     

大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫5号生理小种的抗性鉴定

1986～1990年,在本所病圃中对黄淮地区907份大豆种质资源进行了抗大豆孢囊线虫5号生理小种鉴定,筛选出9个抗病材料,其中7个黑种皮、2个黄种皮。“灰皮支黑豆”是一个抗1、3、4、5号多小种的抗源,“蒙8118”为黄种皮综合农艺性状好,是较理想的抗源。     

大豆天然异交率的测定

以控制大豆绿子叶的两个重叠隐性基因(d_1d_2)为标志基因,研究了花粉给体和受体基因型及两者之间的相对距离对大豆天然异交率的影响。花粉受体和给体以10—80厘米距离在行间种植时,大豆天然异交存在显著的受体基因型效应和受体×给体互作效应;距离对大豆天然异交率无显著影响;给体基因型对大豆的天然异交率有显著影响,通交83—932为给体的异交率显著大于以其它基因型为给体的异交率。     

野生大豆抗花叶病毒病研究

通过对800余份野生大豆对大豆花叶病毒抗性的接种鉴定,总结出适合于野生大豆抗花叶病毒病的鉴定方法。筛选出植株抗病材料2份,中抗材料11份,其余的材料都表现中等以上的感病。植株抗性与种籽传病率有一定关系但不呈正相关,选出5份种籽传病率稳定表现为零的材料。没有发现能抗大豆花叶病毒东北三个株系的材料。探讨了野生条件下不发或很少发生花叶病毒病的原因。     

稀土水培对大豆生长的影响

本文报告的是利用水培法研究稀土对大豆幼苗生长的影响。试验结果表明，适宜浓度的稀土溶液（５和１０ｐｐｍ）能够促进大豆幼苗的生长，增加株高，扩大叶片面积，刺激根系发育，有利于干物质积累。同时，稀土还能提高叶绿体内光合色素的含量，提高比叶高。较高浓度（５００ｐｐｍ以上）的稀土溶液严重抑制大豆植株的生长，甚至死亡。     

农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节基因导入和再生植株

以栽培大豆南农７３－９３５，南农８７Ｃ－３９，南农８６－２１，卫５１５子叶节组织为材料，接种农杆菌Ｃ５８Ｃ１（ｐＧＶ２２６０：：ｐＧＶ３００），在含卡那霉素（ｋｍ）２００ｍｇ／ｌ的ＭＳ培养基上仅自卫５１５品种筛选得到５株抗性小植株，对其中最绿的一株进行新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ活性测定。     

豆田蚜虫防治指标的研究

本文通过1988—1990三年研究,测定了大豆花荚期豆田蚜量与大豆产量的关系,并依据这种关系及目前大豆商品生产状况提出了新的豆田蚜虫防治指标。     

酸性磷酸酶在萌发大豆种子中子叶细胞壁上的分布

本文应用光镜，电镜酸性磷酸酶的细胞化学定位法，对大豆种子萌发过程中酸性磷酸酶在子叶细胞壁上的分布进行了详细的观察与分析。大豆种子吸水膨胀１天时，子叶细胞的胞间层首先表现出酸性磷酸酶的活性；播种１－２天后，除胞间层外，胞间隙也表现了酸性磷酸酶的活性；播种４－６天期间，酸性磷酸酶不仅在胞间层，胞间隙处表现出活性，而且在细胞壁及质膜上也表现出较强的活性。根据本文的观察结果我们推测，萌发的大豆子叶细胞壁上