Transgenic sorghum with suppressed synthesis of kafirin subclasses: Effects on flour and dough rheological characteristics

Arising from work showing that conventionally bred high protein digestibility sorghum types have improved flour and dough functionality, the flour and dough properties of transgenic biofortified sorghum lines with increased protein digestibility and high lysine content (TG-HD) resulting from suppressed synthesis of several kafirin subclasses, especially the cysteine-rich γ-kafirin, were studied. TG-HD sorghums had higher flour water solubility at 30 °C (p < 0.05) and much higher paste viscosity (41% higher) than their null controls (NC). TG-HD doughs were twice as strong as their NC and dynamic rheological analysis indicated that the TG doughs were somewhat more elastic up to 90 °C. CLSM of doughs and pastes indicated that TG-HD had a less compact endosperm protein matrix surround the starch compared to their NC. The improved flour and dough functional properties of the TG-HD sorghums seem to be caused by reduced endosperm compactness resulting from suppression of synthesis of several kafirin subclasses which modifies protein body and protein matrix structure, and to improved protein-starch interaction through hydrogen bonding specifically caused by reduction in the level of the hydrophobic γ-kafirin. The improved flour functionality of these transgenic biofortified sorghums can increase their commercial utility by complementing their improved nutritional quality.     

不同类型高粱茎秆蜡粉含量变化规律研究

为了探讨不同类型高粱茎秆蜡粉含量变化规律,根据物理学的色差原理,首次采用色差法,对高粱蜡粉进行测定。结果表明,不同类型高粱之间茎秆的蜡粉含量有明显的差异,同一类型不同基因型间也不同;饲草高粱茎秆自上而下各节段的蜡粉含量呈现出高-低-高的变化趋势,中间茎节的蜡粉含量与全株混合蜡粉含量总平均值最接近,可代表全株的蜡粉含量;不同类型高粱进入各生育期的时间和持续天数不同,同一生育期内蜡粉累积量也不同,饲草高粱为抽穗期开花期乳熟期蜡熟期完熟期,甜高粱为乳熟期抽穗期开花期蜡熟期完熟期,开花期与整个生育期平均蜡粉含量最接近,可代表整个生育期的蜡粉含量;不同类型高粱在同一个生育期内蜡粉日变化呈单峰曲线,蜡粉含量的峰值出现在13:00时;高粱蜡粉与茎秆糖锤度部分呈极显著负相关。研究表明,遗传因素导致不同类型高粱茎秆蜡粉含量存在显著差异并且含量变化具有规律性,为选育高蜡粉含量品种从而提升高粱抗逆性提供科学参考。     

Root architecture of sorghum genotypes differing in root angles under different water regimes

Plant root architecture offers the potential for increasing soil water accessibility, particularly under water-limited conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the root architecture in two genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differing in root angles and to assess the influence of different deficit irrigation regimes on root architecture. The response of two sorghum genotypes, ‘Early Hegari-Sart’ (EH; steep root angle) and ‘Bk7’ (shallow root angle) to four irrigation treatments was investigated in two replicated outdoor studies using large pots. The results indicated that EH possessed steeper brace and crown root angles, fewer brace roots, greater root biomass, and root length density than Bk7 at deeper soil depths (i.e., 15–30 and 30–45 cm) compared with a shallower depth (i.e., 0–15 cm). Across the soil profile, EH had greater root length density and length of roots of small diameter (<1 mm) than Bk7. Accordingly, EH showed more rapid soil-water capture than Bk7. Different levels of irrigation input greatly affected root architecture. Severe deficit irrigation (25% of full crop transpiration throughout the season) increased the angle and number of crown roots, root biomass, and root length density compared with 75 and 100% of full crop transpiration treatments. Consequently, root system architecture can be effectively manipulated through both genotypic selection and irrigation management to ensure optimal performance under different levels of soil available water.     

非热处理对蜂花粉杀菌效果及品质的影响

为探究更有利于保留蜂花粉原有营养和风味的杀菌方法,本研究分别用辐照、超高压和高压静电场3种非热杀菌技术处理蜂花粉,并测定营养及风味的指标。结果表明,7 kGy辐照、500 MPa超高压、30 kV高场强处理对蜂花粉中的微生物均有抑制作用,且辐照对细菌的抑制效果较好,超高压和高压静电场对真菌的抑制效果较好。经500 MPa超高压处理后,蜂花粉脂类含量增加了23.3%,酚酸等活性成分含量增加,且其抗氧化活性降低程度最小,颜色和风味最接近未处理蜂花粉;30 kV高场强处理后,蜂花粉抗氧化活性显著下降、颜色偏深偏暗;7 kGy辐照处理后产生了明显的辐照味。综上,蜂花粉经超高压灭菌能达到较好的杀菌效果,而且能最大限度保持蜂花粉原有品质。本研究为非热杀菌技术在蜂花粉加工产业中的应用提供了理论依据。     

花粉管通道法在玉米自交系改良中的应用

就几年来花粉管通道法在玉米自交系改良中的应用情况加以概括,提出了导入方法的适宜细则,对后代变异情况加以论述,并对今后该项工作的开展提出几点建议.     

Phylogenetic Relationships of Sorghum and Related Species Inferred from Sequence Analysis of the nrDNA ITS Region

Analysis of phylogenetic and evolution in six species of Sorghum was based on internal transcribed spacer （ITS） sequences in nuclear ribosomal DNA. Results showed that the length of the ITS regions among the six species ranged from 588 to 589 bp and the contents of G＋C in ITS （ITS1 ＋5.8S＋ITS2） regions ranged from 60.27 to 61.05%; the length of ITS1 ranged from 207 to 208 bp and the contents of G ＋ C in the ITS 1 regions ranged from 53.91 to 61.54%. The length of the 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 regions in the six species was 164 and 217 bp respectively, and the contents of G ＋ C ranged from 56.10 to 58.54% in the 5.8S rDNA region and 66.36 to 67,28% in the ITS2 region. Among regions of ITS, ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S, the best sequence for genetic relationship analysis in the six species was the ITS region. On the basis of the Jaccard coefficient and phylogentic tree, S. sp. was more related to S, propinguum than to other species. This was consistent with the fact that S. sp. is derived from S. propinguum. From the phylogenetic tree based on ITS1, S. halepense, silk sorghum and S. sudanense, are identical in the ITS 1 sequence, whereas the phylogenetic tree based one shows that S. sudanense has a closer genetic association with S. almum rather than with S. halepense and silk sorghum.     

培养基组分对青杄离体花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响

该文研究了青杄花粉在离体培养条件下,蔗糖、硼(H3BO3)和钙(CaCl2)对其萌发和花粉管生长的影响,同时还优化了培养基的组分配比.培养基中蔗糖浓度对青杄花粉的萌发影响显著,并有明显的域值效应;应用识别酯化果胶的单克隆抗体JIM7和酸性果胶的JIM5,分别对青杄花粉管进行免疫荧光标记,发现无硼培养可导致酸性果胶在其顶端细胞壁大量富集,而酯化果胶减少;荧光探针Fluo--3/AM标记实验揭示,无硼培养使其顶端胞质的Ca2 浓度梯度消失.研究结果表明,硼可能作为一种相关因子影响关键酶活性,改变细胞壁的延展性以至影响花粉管细胞壁的构建,同时破坏了花粉管顶端极性生长依赖的Ca2 梯度,从而影响其花粉管的生长.     

不同花柱类型连翘的花粉形态和生活力比较

为找出连翘(Forsythia suspensa)结实率低的原因,采用电镜扫描、TTC染色、离体培养等技术,对连翘花粉的大小、形态、外壁纹饰、生活力和发芽率进行了观察和测定。结果表明:连翘花粉均为长椭圆形,沟状萌发孔、三沟、长达两极,花粉外壁纹饰为典型的网状雕纹,其中短花柱型连翘花粉的极轴长平均为36.47μm,赤道轴长平均为29.09μm,长花柱型连翘的极轴长平均为37.55μm,赤道轴长平均为23.1μm。短花柱型花粉的生活力为82.5%,长花柱的为69.3%,差异达到极显著水平。2种花粉均在400 mg/L硼酸培养基上萌发率最高,且短花柱花粉萌发率明显高于长花柱花粉的萌发率。因此,连翘结实率低的原因可能与花粉的发芽率及花粉形态有关。     

水稻不育突变株沈农05-9的形态和细胞学特征鉴定

以辽粳5号与丰锦杂交的高代系的突变株沈农05-9和其原始株系为材料,采用醋酸洋红染色压片技术及石蜡切片技术.进行了形态学特征、小孢子发生的细胞学特征观察.结果表明:该不育突变株花粉表现典败和染败,多数花粉母细胞减数分裂不形成二分体,而形成多核的花粉母细胞;花药表现干瘪且纤维化严重,绒毡层细胞在小孢子发育过程中提前解体.该不育突变株的减数分裂方式类似于萍乡型显性不育系及早稻昆植不育系.导致败育的直接原因为绒毡层细胞提前解体.     

牵牛花粉表面蛋白SDS-PAGE分析

花粉表面蛋白在植物自交亲和反应中起着重要作用。为了探讨植物自交亲和性分子机制,以裂牵牛的花粉和柱头为材料,对其花粉表面蛋白和柱头表面蛋白进行了SDS-PAGE分析,通过对比不同的提取方式获得的花粉表面蛋白的电泳谱带,获得了最佳的样品提取方法。通过分析花粉和柱头表面蛋白的电泳波谱发现,花粉表面蛋白和柱头表面蛋白的电泳谱带中有2条共同的蛋白带,推断这2条谱带可能与花粉的识别反应有关。为了证明SDS-PAGE电泳获得的信息是来自花粉表面的蛋白,而不是来自花粉吸水涨裂后花粉原生质蛋白,对水浸提后的牵牛花粉粒进行显微镜观察,发现很少有破裂的花粉粒,进一步确定了传粉受精过程中是花粉表面蛋白与雌蕊组织间的识别反应。