榆林沙区黑沙蒿花粉二型性特征观察

以毛乌素沙地南缘榆林沙区的黑沙蒿为研究对象,采用扫描电镜（SEM）显微技术,对其花粉形态特征进行详细的观察描述。结果表明,黑沙蒿花粉粒属单粒小型花粉,具有蒿属植物花粉的共性特征,属于较为进化物种的花粉形态,同时其花粉粒二型性特征亦比较突出。长球形和圆球形2种形态不同的花粉粒,同时存在于同一花药中,长球形花粉粒极轴长(P)23.43（20.10～24.91）μm,赤道(E)轴长16.93（15.81～17.32）μm,P/E=1.38,极轴与赤道轴长度差异显著（P<0.05）,赤道面观椭圆形;圆球形花粉粒极轴与赤道轴近等长,极轴长17.56（16.11～18.43）μm,赤道轴长17.10（15.99～18.01）μm,P/E=1.03,极轴与赤道轴长度差异不显著（P>0.05）,赤道面观圆球形;经T检验,2种形态花粉粒的极轴与赤道轴长度比值P/E,差异达显著水平（P<0.05）。2种形态花粉萌发器官都具3孔沟,但长球形花粉的沟深而细长,边缘整齐光滑,内孔深陷,沟间稍窄,极区面积较小;圆球形花粉的沟较浅较短,沟缘粗糙,内孔外突,沟间较宽,极区面积较大;外壁表面纹饰都为退化小刺与颗粒状纹饰的组合,但刺的分布、基部大小及刺间颗粒的大小和排列等有所差异。样本中长球形花粉粒占比为64.1%,圆球形花粉粒占比为35.9%。     

水稻单倍体育种工作的简易化、系列化、规模化问题探讨

在多年水稻单倍体育种工作的基础上,改进、完善了水稻单倍体育种技术。以节省为原则简化培养方法;以快速为原则建立单倍体育种新体系;以丰富遗传背景为原则,扩大绿苗群体及花粉植株再利用。建立一个水稻单倍体育种新程序,使这一技术在水稻育种工作中得到更广泛的应用。     

Prediction of total phenols,condensed tannins,and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in sorghum grain using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy

The reported high phenolic levels in sorghum have led an interest from sorghum breeding programs in developing and identifying germplasms with high phenolic levels, which require screening a large number of samples to find those with the highest levels. Since wet chemistry screening methods are slow, expensive, and destructive, the use of NIR calibration curves could be an alternative. The objectives of this project were to determine the variation range in total phenols, condensed tannins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidin levels in a diverse set of sorghum genotypes and to assess the predictive value of NIR curves to estimate these compounds in sorghum. A calibration curve to estimate each compound was developed and validated with an independent validation set. Calibration curve correlations for total phenols, condensed tannins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins were r = 0.98, 0.97, and 0.99, respectively. Correlations between NIR-predicted values and reference values in the validation set were significant for total phenols (r = 0.93), condensed tannins (r = 0.81) and 3-deoxyanthocyanidin (r = 0.82). These indicated that sufficient variation for these compounds existed within sorghum and that NIR calibration curves could be used to rapidly and non-destructively predict total phenols, condensed tannins, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins concentrations in whole grain sorghum.     

不同贮藏温度对小黑麦花粉活力的影响

在室温、4℃、-20℃和液氮(-196℃)下贮藏小黑麦的花粉,研究不同温度对新小黑麦1号、3号、4号和5号花粉活力的影响,结果表明:室温条件下保存3 h,小黑麦花粉活力均在80%左右,3~4 h后花粉活力降低很快,7~8h后花粉活力几乎全无。4℃保存可适当延长花粉活力,保存8 h后,新小黑麦1号、5号花粉的活力降低到60%,而3号和4号降低为80%左右。48 h左右花粉活力降至0%。与4℃相比,-20℃保存下不同品种小黑麦花粉活力降低更快,4 h后花粉活力降低到50%~65%,16 h后花粉活力接近0%。液氮超低温冷冻保存下小黑麦花粉活力相对稳定,保存10天后活力仍然很高,其活力相对保持率在92%左右,理论上可以长时间保存花粉。     

甜高粱与粒用高粱正反交F_1代农艺性状差异分析

对甜高粱与粒用高粱正反交F1代杂交种的杂种优势及其主要农艺性状进行了比较分析。结果表明:只有穗粒重表现出明显的群体超亲优势,按均值大小排顺序为:单株生物产量穗粒重株高穗长锤度生育期。甜高粱与粒用高粱正反交F1代主要农艺性状单株生物产量、含糖量、穗粒重、株高、穗长和生育期6个性状之间的差异不明显。     

3种核桃花粉生活力的比较研究

花粉具有生命力是确保核桃(Juglans regia L.)杂交育种成功的重要条件之一。然而,不同品种的核桃雄花序开花时间不同,而且大多会比雌花蕊需要授粉的时间要早一些。由于花期不同,用不同的花粉进行授粉有时需要保存雄花粉。为了明确不同核桃品种花粉保存的时间及保存方法,选用了西林3号、西洛3号和香玲3个核桃品种的花粉进行试验,把它们分别放在室温和4℃冰箱冷藏,用MTT染色法测定其活力随时间的变化情况。结果表明,不同核桃品种花粉生活力存在差异;放在冰箱里的核桃花粉的生活力保存时间较长,可以达到10 d左右,而放在室温下的只能保存6 d左右。     

Differential Response of Southern US Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Ultraviolet‐B Radiation

Elevated ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B; between 290 and 320 nm) radiation, because of depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer, is one of the major environmental factors influencing plant metabolic processes and yield. The southern US rice cultivars contribute greatly towards US rice production, but the effects of elevated UV‐B radiation on these cultivars are not well known. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of elevated UV‐B radiation on leaf photosynthetic rate (P_n), membrane stability, pollen viability, phenolic concentration and yield of eight commercially popular southern US rice cultivars (five inbred cultivars and three hybrids). Plants were grown in a temperature‐controlled greenhouse in Beaumont, TX, USA, and were exposed to UV‐B radiation of 0, 8 or 16 kJ m^?2 day^?1 for 90 days. For most of the cultivars, plants grown under 8 or 16 kJ UV‐B radiation showed significant decreases in P_n, membrane stability, pollen viability, and yield compared with the plants grown under an UV‐B‐free environment, whereas there was a significant increase in leaf phenolic concentration under 16 kJ UV‐B radiation. The hybrid ‘Clearfield XL729’ performed best among the selected southern US rice cultivars under 16 kJ UV‐B radiation.     

Genetic Variation for Heat Tolerance During the Reproductive Phase in Brassica rapa

We investigated heat tolerance at the reproductive stage in six spring‐type B. rapa accessions and one B. juncea accession as a control. Plants were subjected to two temperature treatments for seven days in controlled environmental rooms, beginning one day before the first open flower on the main stem inflorescence. The high‐temperature treatment ranged from 25 °C to 35 °C during 16 h light and 25 °C during 8 h dark. The control temperature treatment was set at 23 °C during 16 h light and 15 °C during 8 h dark. Soil moisture was maintained at close to field capacity to avoid drought stress. Main stem buds that emerged during the treatment period were tagged, and pod and seed production was recorded at each reproductive node. Leaf temperature depression and leaf conductance increased in the high‐temperature treatment which indicated that plants were not drought stressed. A leafy vegetable type of B. rapa from Indonesia was the most tolerant to high temperature, as defined by its ability to set seed equally well in the control and high‐temperature treatments, followed by an oilseed type from Pakistan. Pollen viability remained above 87 % in all accessions and treatments. We conclude that bud number and length, and pod number produced under high temperatures, might provide a useful preliminary screen for high‐temperature tolerance and that B. rapa may be a valuable source of heat tolerance in canola (B. napus).     

Chemical,sensory and rheological properties of porridges from processed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor,bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) flours

The chemical, sensory and rheological properties of porridges made from blends of sprouted sorghum, bambara groundnuts and fermented sweet potatoes were examined. Sorghum and bambara groundnuts were sprouted for 48 h while sweet potatoes were fermented for the same period. Blends were formulated from the processed ingredients in the ratio of 60:40:0, 57:42:1, 55:44:1 and 52:46:2 (protein basis) of sorghum, bambara groundnuts and sweet potatoes. Porridges were prepared from the composite flours and the traditional sorghum complementary food. Standard assay methods were used to evaluate the flours for nutrient composition. The porridges were also tested for sensory properties and viscosity. Processing increased the levels of most of the nutrients evaluated. Relative to the sorghum traditional complementary food, thecomposite flours had higher levels of lipids, protein, ash, crude fiber and minerals (p<0.05). The porridges from the composite flours were generally liked slightly by the panelists and were about seven times less viscous than the porridge from the traditional sorghum complementary food. Use of the composite flours, particularly the 52:46:2 blend, as a traditional complementary food should be encouraged in Nigeria especially with the increasing cost of commercial complementary foods.     

运用正交设计优化黄瓜花粉离体萌发条件

以4种不同类型的黄瓜新鲜花粉为试材,采用了正交试验L16(45)研究萌发温度、蔗糖浓度、硼酸浓度和pH值对花粉萌发和生长的影响。结果表明,温度对花粉萌发和生长影响最大,pH值次之,基因型影响最小。并筛选出了各因素的最佳水平组合为:温度25℃,蔗糖15%,硼酸0.1 g/L,pH6.5。