Organic Seed-treatment as a Substitute for Chemical Seed-treatment to Control Common Bunt of Wheat

Common bunt of wheat, caused by Tilletia laevis and T. tritici, is a major seed and soil-borne disease in West Asia and North Africa. The use of resistant cultivars and chemical seed-treatments are the current control measures used to combat this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate alternative control measures to chemical seed-treatments that are environmentally friendly to support cultivar resistance. Several organic nutrients [skimmed milk powder, hucket (local skimmed milk) and wheat flour] at a concentration of 160g per kg of seeds were used as seed-treatments on two susceptible bread and durum wheat cultivars (Bau and Sebou, respectively) to examine their effectiveness in controlling the disease. Field trials over four years showed that skimmed milk powder, hucket, and wheat flour reduced common bunt infection levels by 96%, 93% and 62%, respectively. In most cases, the effectiveness of the skimmed milk powder and hucket was equal to the chemical seed-treatment; thus, these organic nutrients offer an effective and environmentally safe alternative to chemical treatments. However, a study of their economic value as well as of their effect on seed germination, and field emergence is needed.     

Linking Land-use, Water Body Type and Water Quality in Southern New Zealand

Land-use and vegetation cover have been linked to the nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus) of surface waters in several countries. However, the links generally relate to streams and rivers, or to specific types of standing water, for example shallow lakes in a geologically defined region. We measured physical variables and nutrient chemistry of 45 water bodies representative of the wide range of lentic wetland environments (swamps, riverine wetlands, estuaries, reservoirs, shallow lakes, deep lakes) in Otago, New Zealand, and related these to catchment variables and land-use in order to assess the potential influence of catchment modification on water quality of these diverse wetlands. Catchment boundaries and land cover were derived from maps using ArcView GIS software. Our predictions that concentrations of nutrients and other components of water quality would correlate positively with the nature and intensity of catchment modification were confirmed in multivariate analyses. Physical and chemical measures were positively related to the extent of modification in the catchment (percentage of the catchment in pasture, planted forest, scrub and urban areas), and negatively related to lack of catchment modification (more of the catchment in bare ground, tussock grassland and indigenous forest). The strong negative correlations between nutrient concentrations, suspended sediment, water colour and the percentage of tussock cover in the catchment imply that increased conversion of the␣native tussock grassland to pastoral farming in␣Otago will increase nutrient concentrations and␣reduce water quality of the diverse lentic ecosystems.     

塔里木盆地沙漠化防治措施及其效益

土地沙漠化是干旱,半干旱地区普遍存在的一个重大环境问题。塔里木盆地是我国沙漠化危害最严重的地区之一,但干旱多风的自然条件引起的沙漠化,仅占现代沙漠化面积的１５．１３％,说明沙漠化土地是可以治理的,本文概述了农田林网,林网内农林复合经营,防沙林带,灌草带,造林固沙等沙漠化防治措施及其效果。     

准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠鼠类的微栖息地选择

依据地形及其内植被组成特征,划分出５种微栖息地类型。通过在不同物候期的观测表明,４种共存的鼠种间存在着明显的微栖息地分离。二足型跳鼠选择在开阔的空间活动四足型沙鼠则主要在多年生灌丛下取食。二种类型的鼠类微栖息地选择都不同程度地与同的多年生灌木     

柴达木盆地主要河流的水化学特征

为了保护水资源,不仅需要了解人为引起的水质污染状况,而且需要研究河流水体在自然界的循环过程中所形成的水化学特征及其时空变化。本文对柴达木盆地主要河流的水化学特征进行了分析、研究,对水质状况进行了评价。     

Quantifying the nitrogen retention capacity of natural wetlands in the large-scale drainage basin of the Baltic Sea

We estimate the nitrogen retention capacity of natural wetlands in the 1.7 million km² Baltic Sea drainage basin, using a wetland GIS data base. There are approximately 138,000 km² of wetlands (bogs and fens) in the Baltic Sea drainage basin, corresponding to 8% of the area. The input of nitrogen to natural wetlands from atmospheric deposition was estimated to 55,000–161,000 ton y¹. A map of the deposition of both wet and dry nitrogen is presented. The input from the human population was estimated to 255,000 ton y¹ in terms of excretory release in processed sewage water. There may also be leakage from forests and agricultural land into the wetlands. Due to lack of data on hydrology and topography, such potential nitrogen sources are not accounted for here. The capacity of the wetlands to retain the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen was estimated to 34,000–99,000 ton y¹. The potential retention by wetlands was estimated to 57,000–145,000 ton y¹ when the nitrogen input from the human population was added. If drained wetlands were to be restored and their area added to the present wetland area, the nitrogen retention capacity was estimated to increase to 196,000–261,000 ton y¹. Our results indicate that existing natural wetlands in the Baltic Sea drainage basin annually can retain an amount of nitrogen which corresponds to about 5–13% of annual total (natural and anthropogenic) nitrogen emissions entering the Baltic Sea. The ecosystem retention service performed by wetlands accounts for a substantial nitrogen removal, thereby reducing the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea.     

金沙江干热河谷台湾珍珠番石榴引种试种初报

台湾珍珠番石榴经在元谋金沙江干热河谷引种试验,表现速生、早结、丰产、抗逆性强,果大质优,供果期长,适应性强。     

水源新工程─—河内潜砂井

山东省招远市水利局在吸取群众经验的基础上，经过多年的探索，科学地创造了一项低山丘陵干旱缺水区的水源新工程─—河内潜砂井，即井址在河内，井口封闭且潜伏在河床砂内。论文阐述了河内潜砂井工程的结构类型、特点及效益。河内潜砂井技术上可行且经济合理，产水量高且水质净化好，节省土地且使用年限长，施工简单且管理方便，是一种有推广价值的水源开发新工程。     

窟野河洪水特性及变化趋势分析

根据窟野河流域把口站温家川站1954～1990年和2006、2008年的洪水记录,运用不同洪水发生频次比较法和流量水位关系分析法等方法,分析了该流域洪水的年际变化特征和变化趋势以及年内变化特征,得出窟野河流域的暴雨洪水年际变化大,从洪水频次变化和最大洪峰流量变化可以看出,窟野河流域80年代以前洪峰流量大,洪水发生次数较多,80年代以后洪峰流量急剧减小,2008年的最大洪峰流量仅有89.9m3/s,创历史最低。显然,最大洪峰流量自上世纪80年代初开始趋于变小;而年内洪水主要发生在7～9月,与降水量分配一致。研究区最大洪水流量的变小趋势主要受汛期降水量的减小和人类水土保持活动的影响。温家川站最大洪水的流量-水位过程线主要有逆时针环、顺时针环、单一线型和"8"字形四类单一关系。逆时针环线的出现几率最大,可能受制于高含沙水流、流域地形特性和地貌组成单元等因素。     

湟水河河床沉积物元素含量及化学风化分析

选择湟水河流域湟源至乐都段为研究区段,采集并分析了湟水河及支流北川河、南川河河道不同地点25个河床泥沙样品的常量元素地球化学特征。结果表明:富集Si、Al、Ca和Fe;而贫K、Na、Mg、Ti和Mn,说明主要沉积有硅酸盐和碳酸盐。通过化学风化指数(CIA)计算,发现从湟源-湟中(多巴)-西宁市-平安-乐都段,化学风化强度具有不同的变化特征。西宁市及周边地区CIA最低,湟源县-多巴镇、平安-乐都以及北川河CIA明显较高,具有更强的风化侵蚀过程,并得到聚类分析结果的验证。利用CIA与现代观测气象数据(降水量变差系数)对比,发现CIA与降水量变差系数呈正相关分布,说明流域强降水(如暴雨、大雨)侵蚀了周围覆盖的第四纪黄土,并富含Ca/Mg碳酸盐。