Improving in-season nitrogen recommendations for maize using an active sensor

An active crop canopy reflectance sensor could be used to increase N-use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.), if temporal and spatial variability in soil N availability and plant demand are adequately accounted for with an in-season N application. Our objective was to evaluate the success of using an active canopy sensor for developing maize N recommendations. This study was conducted in 21 farmers’ fields from 2007 to 2009, representing the maize production regions of east central and southeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Four blocks at each site included seven sidedress N rates (0–280 kg N ha⁻¹) and one at-planting N rate of 280 kg N ha⁻¹. Canopy reflectance in the 590 nm and 880 nm wavelengths, soil samples, chlorophyll meter (SPAD) measurements and above-ground biomass were collected at the 6th–7th-leaf growth stage (V6–V7). Relative amber normalized difference vegetative index (ANDVI_relative) and relative SPAD (SPAD_relative) were determined based on the relative measurements from the zero sidedress treatment to the 280 kg N ha⁻¹ at-planting treatment. Observations from the current study were compared to relationships between economic optimum N rate (EONR) and ANDVI_relative, presidedress NO₃ test (PSNT), or SPAD_relative that were developed from a previous study. These comparisons were based on an absolute mean difference (AMD) between observed EONR and the previously determined predicted relationships. The AMD for the relationship between EONR and ANDVI_relative in the current study was 46 kg N ha⁻¹. Neither the PSNT (AMD = 66 kg N ha⁻¹) nor the SPAD_relative (AMD = 72 kg N ha⁻¹) provided as good an indicator of EONR. When using all the observations from the two studies for the relationships between EONR and the various measurements, ANDVI_relative (R² = 0.65) provided a better estimate of EONR than PSNT (R² = 0.49) or SPAD_relative (not significant). Crop reflectance captured similar information as the PSNT and SPAD_relative, as reflected in strong relationships (R² > 0.60) among these variables. Crop canopy reflectance using an active sensor (i.e. ANDVI_relative) provided as good or better an indicator of EONR than PSNT or SPAD_relative, and provides an opportunity to easily adjust in-season N applications spatially.     

Performance and environmental effects of forage production on sandy soils. III. Energy efficiency in forage production from grassland and maize for silage

Based on experimental data gathered in a research project on nitrogen fluxes in intensive dairy farming in Northern Germany, an analysis of fossil energy input and energy efficiency in forage production from permanent grassland and maize for silage was conducted. Field experiments comprised different defoliation systems and different rates of mineral N fertilizer and slurry application. Each change from grazing to cutting in grassland systems reduced the energy efficiency. Energy efficiency consistently decreased with increasing rates of mineral N application. In the production of maize for silage, maximum energy efficiency was obtained with an application of 50 kg N ha^?1 from slurry only. Net energy yields of maize for silage were much higher than that of grassland when compared at the same level of fossil energy and nitrogen fertilizer input. Considering both nitrate‐leaching losses and a necessary minimum quantity of grass herbage in a well‐balanced ration, it is suggested that a high proportion of maize for silage in combination with N‐unfertilized grass/clover swards used in a mixed cutting/grazing system represents a good trade‐off between the leaching of nitrates and energy efficiency.     

黄河口翅碱蓬湿地土壤氮的季节变化

2009年4～11月,选择位于黄河口滨岸中潮滩和低潮滩上的翅碱蓬湿地为研究对象,对比研究了湿地土壤氮的季节变化特征。结果表明:两种湿地不同土层的NO3--N、NH4+-N和TN含量均具有明显的季节变化特征,但不同类型湿地之间差异较大。二者NO3--N、NH4+-N含量的季节差异主要与其所受潮汐影响程度及其引起的无机氮物理运移和对NH4+-N吸附能力的差异有关。二者在7月较低的NO3--N含量主要与植物对土壤中有效氮的大量吸收与利用有关,而8月较高的NO3--N、NH4+-N含量主要与此间土壤有机氮矿化较强有关。两种湿地不同土层的TN含量与C/N的季节变化规律整体相反。二者TN含量的差异主要受制于不同土层的有机质分布以及潮汐的影响状况,而C/N的差异主要与两种湿地在不同时期受陆源的影响程度有关。     

根际分隔对玉米/豌豆间作种间竞争及豌豆结瘤固氮的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了玉米/豌豆间作条件下,两种施氮水平(0、0.15 g·kg~(-1))及三种分隔方式(不分隔、塑料膜分隔、尼龙网分隔)对玉米、豌豆生长及豌豆结瘤固氮的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,玉米/豌豆间作后对玉米的生长和养分的吸收有显著的促进作用,在整个生育期,玉米生物量的增加量随着豌豆生育期的推进而增加,豌豆苗期、豌豆结荚初期、豌豆收获期玉米的生物量在不施氮肥条件下分别增加:28.5%、32.8%、48.7%;在施氮0.15 g·kg~(-1)时分别增加-8.6%、8.1%、63.2%。在玉米豌豆间作体系中三种分隔方式玉米生物量的大小顺序为:间作不分隔间作尼龙网隔间作塑料膜分隔单作;在不施氮肥时,间作后豌豆苗期生物量与单作相比增加显著,增加幅度达35.8%;随着玉米生育期的推进,间作豌豆的生物量增加幅度随着降低,到豌豆收获期与单作豌豆相比差异不显著。收获时三种分隔方式豌豆生物量的大小顺序为:间作塑料膜分隔间作不分隔间作尼龙网隔单作;在施氮肥时,随着玉米的生长间作豌豆与单作豌豆相比显著减产,收获时三种分隔方式对豌豆生物量的大小顺序为:间作尼龙网隔间作塑料膜分隔单作间作不分隔。与单作相比,间作提高了豌豆的结瘤数;间作不分隔、间作尼龙网隔、间作塑料膜分隔条件下,碗豆的结瘤数分别增加120%、82.5%、22.5%。     

氮肥运筹对水稻植株不同形态氮素含量的影响

以桂朝2号和叠加占为试验材料,以总氮、蛋白氮、叶绿素氮、可溶性蛋白氮、Rubisco-N、游离氨基态氮为指标,研究了氮肥运筹对水稻植株不同形态氮素含量的影响。结果表明,上述形态氮素含量对氮肥运筹表现出相同的趋势,即水稻抽穗期和成熟期植株总氮、蛋白氮、叶绿素氮、可溶性蛋白氮、Rubisco-N、游离氨基态氮含量均随施氮水平提高而提高,在相同施氮量条件下,重施穗肥时其含量较高。氮肥运筹对不同形态氮素含量的影响程度是不同的,其中,对Rubisco-N和游离氨基态氮的影响明显。两个品种早晚季无论是抽穗期还是成熟期不同施氮水平下Rubisco-N和游离氨基态氮含量差异均达到显著或极显著水平。相关分析表明,早晚季抽穗期和成熟期水稻植株总氮含量与蛋白氮含量均呈极显著相关。     

横垄耕作的面源污染截留效应研究

为了解横垄耕作的面源污染截留效应,选取吉林省长春市莫家沟小流域横垄耕作坡耕地为研究区,应用210Pbex核素示踪技术得到研究区土壤侵蚀模数为2 268 t/(km2.a),吸附态氮、磷流失负荷分别为4 889、2 022 kg/a;运用RU-SLE2.0模型,模拟在同等立地条件下顺坡耕作土壤侵蚀模数约为6 200 t/(km2.a)。对比结果表明:横垄耕作较顺坡耕作可减少约63%的土壤流失量及随土壤流失的吸附态氮磷负荷。     

两种不同布水方式对生物砂滤池去除厌氧消化液氨氮的影响

在实验室条件下,采用试验生物砂滤柱模拟生物砂滤池系统,研究了雾化和滴渗布水方式对生物砂滤池去除猪场厌氧消化液氨氮的影响,结果表明:在进水水力负荷为0.057 m3.m-2d-1,氨氮平均浓度分别为293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1,553 mg.L-1时,雾化布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为98.8%,87.4%,75.1%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为3.61 mg.L-1,64.7 mg.L-1,138 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为16.4 g.m-2d-1,25.4g.m-2d-1,23.5 g.m-2d-1;滴渗布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为77.4%,71.4%,59.3%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为66.3 mg.L-1,147 mg.L-1,225 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为12.9 g.m-2d-1,20.7 g.m-2d-1,18.6 g.m-2d-1;雾化布水可以提高生物砂滤池氨氮的去除率、去除负荷,降低出水氨氮浓度;滴渗布水在进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,雾化布水进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1的条件下,出水氨氮平均浓度可达到《畜禽...     

黄土区大型露天煤矿复垦24a土壤碳氮组分特征

研究大型露天煤矿典型植被恢复模式下土壤碳、氮组分特征,为深入理解露天煤矿高压实复垦土壤碳、氮固持过程及复垦土壤成土过程提供依据。以黄土区典型露天煤矿-平朔露天煤矿的复垦24a的刺槐-油松混交林（RP）、刺槐纯林（RM）、白杆-青杆-沙棘混交林（PPH）、沙棘纯林（HM）4种典型植被恢复模式样地及未复垦样地（UR）、原地貌样地（UD）为研究对象,采集0～20 cm表层土壤样品,分析土壤碳、氮组分特征。结果表明：1）经过24a演替,复垦土壤理化性质得到明显提高,但各样地间土壤理化性质明显显著。2）同UR样地相比,RP、RM和PPH样地的土壤有机碳含量分别提高594.03%、158.66%、99.25%;RP和PPH样地的微生物生物量碳则分别提高174.68%、209.34%;RP和HM样地的水溶性碳分别提高110.13%、82.99%;RP、RM样地的易氧化碳含量则分别为UR样地的35.55倍和7倍。3) 与UR样地相比,RP、RM、PPH、HM样地的土壤全氮含量分别提高413.24%、250.00%、100%和82.35%;RP、PPH、HM样地的水溶性氮含量分别提高206.33%、153.02%、99.95%;PPH样地的微生物生物量氮含量提高368.07%。4）复垦土壤碳、氮组分之间呈现正相关关系,但与全钾呈现显著负相关（P<0.05）。上述结果表明,土地复垦显著提高了土壤碳、氮组分含量,尤以刺槐-油松混交林效果较好,但复垦24a后,矿区土壤可能存在钾限制的现象。     

土壤养分速测仪在蔬菜育苗基质上的应用

[目的]为获得快速测定育苗基质水解性氮、有效磷(P2O5)、速效钾(K2O)含量的方法.[方法]采用土壤养分速测仪,筛选育苗基质测定的适宜浸提剂用量、固液(基质与水)浸提比例和浸提时间以及仪器读取数据与常规法测得的基质水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾含量的换算方法.[结果]土壤养分速测仪水解性氮测定值略高于常规法,速效钾测定值接近常规法,有效磷测定值低于常规法.[结论]该研究可以为测定育苗基质水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾提供理论支持.     

水氮耦合对小麦旗叶光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

在盆栽条件下,以旱地小麦品种‘长旱58’为材料,研究水氮耦合对冬小麦旗叶主要光合特性及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在2种水分处理下小麦旗叶的叶绿素SPAD值、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)及产量等都随氮肥施用量增加而增加,氮肥主要通过影响小麦旗叶Pn和小麦的穗数、穗粒数来影响产量。在不施氮(N0,0g·kg-1)及正常施氮(N1,0.2g·kg-1)处理下,中度水分胁迫(W2,土壤含水量为田间持水量的50%~60%)处理的小麦旗叶的光合速率及产量大于充分灌溉处理(W1,土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%~80%),而在高氮(N2,0.4g·kg-1)处理下则相反。说明,适度水氮运筹会提高小麦旗叶光合能力及籽粒产量形成,主要表现为粒质量的增加。