无公害苹果生产基地环境质量评价方法

论述了无公害苹果生产基地大气、土壤、灌溉水环境质量评价的原理和方法。阐明了无公害苹果生产基地大气、土壤、灌溉水样品采集原则、样品处理和分析方法,根据分析结果由单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价无公害苹果生产基地的环境质量,并提出了单项污染指数和综合污染指数的判定标准和方法以及由严控环境指标超标可直接判定为基地不符合无公害苹果生产基地的论断。     

覆盖对山地甜柿园土壤性状及树体生长结果的影响

研究了秸秆覆盖和薄膜覆盖对山地甜柿园土壤水热变化规律、土壤理化性状和树体生长结果的影响。3年定位试验结果表明,覆盖提高了果园各层土壤含水量和土壤养分的有效性,改善了果园土壤的结构和性状、增加了植株根系数量,对叶片数量、质量、叶片大小以及枝条抽生数量、质量和树冠大小、叶面积系数等指标均有良好的优化作用。秸秆覆盖有降低生长季节土温和提高冬季土温的作用,薄膜覆盖有增加土温的作用。     

行间生草对葡萄叶片光合特性的影响

在赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)葡萄生产园行间种植多年生黑麦草、白三叶草和紫花苜蓿,在葡萄浆果膨大期,测定叶片光合作用相关指标及土壤含水量、叶片相对含水量.结果表明:与清耕相比,行间生草降低了葡萄园土壤含水量和葡萄叶片相对含水量,使葡萄光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率降低,并使气孔导度、光合速率最高峰有所提前.     

蚯蚓蛋白酶解工艺及其产物分析

采用Asl.398枯草蛋白酶制备蚯蚓肽,通过单因素与正交试验设计(L9(34)),以氨基氮数,多肽浓度为衡量指标,对最佳酶条件进行筛选研究,并分析了酶解液氨基酸含量和相对分子量的分布。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为pH 6.5、酶浓度为1%、温度50℃反应、时间8 h,在此条件下,酶解蚯蚓蛋白的水解液氨基氮数可以达到16.55 mmol/100 mL,水解液多肽浓度达9.22 mg/mL,酶解液分子量大部分是在5 000以下的多肽、小肽及氨基酸的混合物,其中分子量在220以下的占了72.09%,氨基酸组成平衡,含量丰富,可用来制取新型氨基酸微量元素及小肽添加剂。     

木醋液及其主要成分对土壤微生物数量影响的研究

木醋液是从多年生柞木中经过高温蒸馏出来的纯天然物质 ,其主要成分是有机酸和酚类物质 ,为了明确木醋液和主要成分对土壤微生物的作用 ,将加入不同剂量的木醋液、愈创木酚、醋酸的有机肥施入土壤 ,观察土壤中微生物数量的变化 ,结果表明 :在 1kg有机肥中加入 10 g木醋液 ,施入 30kg土壤中 ,土壤微生物数量 (特别是细菌数量 )增加幅度最大 ,土壤微生物 10d内被有效地激活 ;同时 ,当在 1kg有机肥中木醋液的添加量高达 5 0 g时 ,对土壤微生物有一定的抑制作用。此外 ,通过采用木醋液中的两种主要成份醋酸与愈创木酚对比试验 ,表明其对土壤微生物数量的影响与木醋液不相关 ,木醋液能起到增加土壤微生物数量的作用 ,虽然有可能是其他物质在起主导作用 ,但更有可能的是多种物质的综合作用     

果实采后酶促褐变研究进展

综述了近年来国内外有关果实酶促褐变的研究进展。褐变主要发生在果实采后贮藏期，褐变的根本原因是果实衰老，果实褐变是多酚氧化酶氧化酚类物质的结果，用有机酸等抗氧化剂抑制多酚氧化酶活性可抑制褐变的发生，抑制衰老的物质也能减轻褐变的发生。     

A strain of Bacillus subtilis stimulates sunflower growth (Helianthus annuus L.) temporarily

Preliminary studies showed that a Bacillus subtilis strain stimulates plant growth. We investigated how inoculating seeds of a sunflower cultivar (Helianthus annuus L.) with this strain stimulated plant growth, soil properties and emissions of greenhouse gasses, i.e. carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), when cultivated in a greenhouse. Unfertilized sunflowers or fertilized with urea served as controls. After one month, root length and fresh and dry root weight of the sunflower was significantly higher in the bacteria amended plant than in the urea and unfertilized plants. However, at harvest, no positive effect was observed. The number of seeds per plant and seed weight was not significantly different between the treatments, but total plant N was significantly higher in urea-amended plants than in unfertilized plants. The CO₂ production rate was not affected by treatment, but the N₂O emission rate was significantly higher in soil amended with urea plus bacteria soil compared to the unfertilized treatments. It was found that the B. subtilis strain used in this study had a positive, but only temporarily effect on growth of the sunflower cultivar used.     

Production gradients in smallholder banana (cv. Giant Cavendish) farms in Central Kenya

Banana is an increasingly demanded food and cash crop in sub-Saharan Africa. Reported yields in smallholder farms vary substantially. The importance and spread of yield constraints have not been properly quantified. A study was carried out in Central Kenya to (i) quantify the yield levels, the primary yield constraints, and the spatial production gradients in such systems (ii) explore how soil fertility gradients relate to gradients in soil fertility management, and whether this is a function of farmer resource availability. Data was collected on crop management aspects, pests and diseases, and soil and plant tissue samples analyzed for nutrient contents. Bunch yields were higher near homesteads (29.8 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) than at mid-distance (26.8 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), or far away 20.2 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Yields were much higher than previously reported (11–14 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in Kenya. Both soil and tissue K levels were higher near and mid-distance, than far from the homestead. Gradients of soil pH, total N, available P and Organic carbon were found, being higher near the homestead, while Mg and Ca were lowest near the homesteads. K was the most deficient nutrient, with tissue K index (I_K) decreasing when moving away from the homesteads. P and Ca deficiencies were also observed. Resource-poor farmers’ soils were higher in exchangeable K and Mg, pH, and total N, and supported higher mat densities compared to resource-endowed farmers’ farms. Soil quality problems were the biggest yield loss factors and not pests and diseases.     

Stable isotope N and C labelling of different functional groups of earthworms and their casts: A tool for studying trophic links

Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) have substantial effects on the structure and fertility of soils with consequences for the diversity of plant communities and associated ecosystem functions. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the functional role earthworms play in terrestrial ecosystems, partly because easy-to-use methods to quantify their activities are missing. In this study, we tested whether earthworms and their casts can be dual-labelled with ¹⁵N and ¹³C stable isotopes by cultivating them in soil substrate amended with ¹⁵N ammonium nitrate and ¹³C-glucose. Additionally, we also wanted to know whether (i) earthworms from different functional groups (soil-feeders vs. litter-feeders) and their casts would differ in their incorporation of stable isotopes, (ii) if enrichment levels are higher if the same amount of isotopes is applied in one dose or in staggered doses, and (iii) if isotopic enrichment in casts changes when they are stored in a conditioning cabinet or in a pot filled with soil placed in a greenhouse. Our findings show the feasibility of dual-labelling tissues and casts of both litter-feeding (Lumbricus terrestris) and soil-feeding (Aporrectodea caliginosa) earthworms using the same method. The advantage of this method is that earthworms and their casts can be labelled under realistic conditions by cultivating them for only four days in soil that received a one-time addition of commercially available stable isotopes instead of offering labelled plant material. In earthworms, the isotopic enrichment remained at a stable level for at least 21 days; labelled casts could be stored for at least 105 days without significantly decreasing their isotopic signals. This simple and efficient method opens new avenues for studying the role of these important ecosystem engineers in nutrient cycling and their functional relationships with other organisms.     

Influence of agricultural soils on the growth and reproduction of the bio-indicator Folsomia candida

Soil organisms have been recommended as bio-indicators of soil quality due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic influences and their high degree of site-specificity. The objectives of this study were to determine if the relationship between the soil Collembola, Folsomia candida, and forest soil could be extended to other soils and, if not, to determine the relationship between its life parameters and soils from the different phases of an agricultural rotation sequence. A comparison of growth, reproduction and survival of 1 day old neonates and 10 day old juveniles subjected to a series of different soils (composted manure, pasture soil, forest soil, sand alone, and sand supplemented with yeast) established that the association between F. candida and forest soil quality cannot be automatically transferred to soils from other ecosystems. The test also showed that neonate (1 d) individuals were more sensitive to the different soil treatments than 10 d old juveniles and should be used in future tests. On this basis, neonate F. candida individuals were used to determine if the species could be employed to characterize the agricultural soils from the different phases of an organic or conventional rotation sequence. Results demonstrated that changes in body growth and reproduction constituted suitable criteria to characterize the soil quality of these different phases. The research required to develop these results as a standard bio-indicator test of agricultural soil quality is discussed.