割秧后花生收获机捡拾装置设计与试验

先将秧蔓切割再进行收获可较好地实现覆膜种植花生秧蔓饲料化利用。该研究针对割秧后花生植株变短、横向尺寸变小、荚果-秧蔓比增加,原有收获机捡拾装置适应性差的问题,在已有花生捡拾收获技术基础上,对捡拾弹齿间距、弹齿转速、折弯角度、弹齿排数等关键结构和运动参数进行改进,研制了一种适于割秧后收获的弹齿式花生捡拾装置。运用SPSS软件对割秧后花生植株横向尺寸进行统计分析,确定了弹齿间距为7 cm;通过对花生植株低损捡拾和顺畅抛送条件的理论分析,在回转半径为21 cm的条件下,确定捡拾弹齿转速为60 r/min;通过对花生植株被弹齿捡起时的受力情况分析,确定捡拾弹齿折弯角度为102°,并根据铺放厚度,确定捡拾弹齿折弯部分长度为4 cm;建立捡拾弹齿齿尖运动方程,运用Matlab软件对不同排数弹齿齿尖运动轨迹进行分析,确定捡拾弹齿排数为6排。田间试验结果表明,弹齿式花生捡拾装置的平均捡拾率为98.07%,捡拾装置造成的平均落果率为1.23%;满足割秧后花生捡拾收获作业需求。该研究可为割秧后花生以及其他作物捡拾收获机具研发和改进提供借鉴。     

基于Landsat TM影像的半干旱牧区天然打草场面积的遥感监测

天然打草场是中国草地畜牧业的物质基础,也是中国内陆的生态屏障。目前中国打草场分布状况、分布面积、产量高低等信息十分缺乏,严重制约饲草储备和救灾应急功能发挥。为解决这些问题,该文基于2009－2011年的Landsat TM5影像数据,并借助野外调查点和目视解译方法对中国半干旱牧区天然打草场状况进行监测分析。结果表明,中国半干旱牧区天然打草场面积达800.35万hm2,目视解译结果的平均解译精度达到76.78%。其中,内蒙古天然打草场面积居首位,面积为688.04万hm2,其次是松嫩平原草原区,打草场面积为91.80万hm2,河北半干旱农牧交错区的打草场面积最小,为20.51万hm2。在内蒙古,呼伦贝尔草甸草原天然打草场约为180.89万hm2,科尔沁沙化草原天然打草场约为96.44万hm2,锡林郭勒典型草原天然打草场面积约为395.40万hm2。研究区天然打草场的植被类型以温性草原类、温性草甸类、低地草甸类为主,少量分布在山地草甸类和温性荒漠草原类。该研究结果可为进一步分析全国半干旱区域打草场变化提供数据支撑。     

大蒜联合收获切根试验台设计与试验

为了提高大蒜联合收获切根作业性能,解决大蒜切根过程中根系一次清除率低、蒜头损伤率高等问题,该文设计了一种大蒜联合收获切根试验台,该试验台主要由毛刷辊、前旋转切刀、夹持输送机构、排序-对齐机构、浮动切根机构等组成,可一次性完成蒜株的根系清理和预切、蒜株排序和对齐、根系浮动切割等作业工序。该文确定了切根装置关键结构参数和作业参数,并对影响切根作业质量的主要因素开展了试验研究。试验结果表明,影响切根作业质量的主次作用因素为夹持输送速度、夹持角度、浮动切刀转速,较优参数组合方案为夹持输送速度1.05 m/s、夹持角度79°、浮动切刀转速2 200 r/min(切割线速度为17.3 m/s),此时根系去净率为96.1%,蒜头伤损率为2.39%,满足大蒜切根作业质量要求。该文研究结果可为大蒜联合收获切根装置的设计提供参考。     

甜瓜贴接嫁接机切削装置工作参数优化与试验

为提高嫁接成活率并解决用工短缺的问题,全自动嫁接机的研发已成为当前热点。该文设计了甜瓜贴接嫁接机的关键部件嫁接苗切削装置,并采用试验方法对该装置的最佳工作参数进行了优化试验。论文在研制出切削装置样机的基础上,以典型的甜瓜嫁接苗为研究对象,选取切削角度、切削半径和切削高度作为试验因素,以砧穗嫁接贴合百分比为试验指标,进行嫁接苗切削装置作业性能的单因素和二次回归正交试验,确定了该装置的最优工作参数,并进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,嫁接苗切削装置的工作参数为切削角度-9°、切削半径39 mm、切削高度30 mm时切削装置切削效果最好,砧穗嫁接贴合百分比为98.2%,可以保证较高的嫁接成活率。切削装置可以成功地完成甜瓜嫁接苗的切削,满足设计要求。该研究为蔬菜全自动嫁接机的研制与开发提供了参考。     

枯草芽孢杆菌D9生物有机肥对连作芦蒿扦插苗枯萎病病害防控研究

芦蒿连作土壤中的枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)通过扦插茎秆的切口处侵染扦插苗,严重地降低扦插苗的成活率。实验通过分离生防菌株,开发生防生物有机肥防控扦插苗连作病害。研究结果显示,分离到的具有生防芦蒿枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌能力的菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)D9。D9菌株的代谢物能够显著地抑制尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发和菌丝的伸长(P0.05)。芦蒿连作土壤扦插苗病害的防控实验结果表明,有机肥和D9生物有机肥的防病率分别达到77.3%和97.1%,同时能够显著地(P0.05)降低芦蒿扦插苗的茎内尖孢镰刀菌数量,而且D9生物有机肥能够显著(P0.05)降低扦插苗根际土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量。相较于对照处理,D9生物有机肥处理的根际土壤和茎内尖孢镰刀菌数量分别降低了35.7%和93.7%。有机肥没有提高芦蒿几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶活力,而D9生物有机肥显著提高芦蒿几丁质酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶的酶活(P0.05)。D9生物有机肥能够有效防治连作芦蒿扦插苗的病害,为芦蒿产业提供一条绿色、安全的栽种途径。     

Effects of rake angle of chisel plough on soil cutting factors and power requirements: A computer simulation

A computer simulation was conducted to predict the effects of rake angle of a chisel plough and soil bulk density on angle of soil failure plane, rupture distance, width of side crescent, frictional, overburden, cohesion and adhesion soil cutting factors, draft forces and drawbar power requirements. The experimental work was carried out in two locations. Soil of the first location was sandy clay with the soil bulk densities of 1.75 and 1.70 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 30° and a surface friction angle of 20°, cohesion of 2.5 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.2 kN/m². Soil of the second location was clay loam with the soil bulk densities of 1.65 and 1.50 g/cm³ for firm and loose soil conditions, respectively, with an angle of internal friction of 34° and a surface friction angle of 23°, cohesion of 2.4 kN/m² and adhesion of 1.14 kN/m². The prediction showed that the angle of failure plane found to decrease with the rake angle. The rupture distance decreased with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then increased as the rake angle increased over 55°. The width of the side crescent increased as the rake angle increased and the maximum value and the minimum value were recorded at 75° and at 15°. Values of frictional and overburden factors decreased as rake angle increased. The maximum and minimum values were recorded at 15° and 75°, respectively. The values of cohesion factor increased as rake angle increased. The maximum value was recorded at rake angle of 75° and the minimum value was recorded at rake angle of 15°. Adhesion factor was found to change inversely with the rake angle from 15° to 55° and then to change directly with the rake angle over 55°. The draft force decreased with the rake angle and reached its minimum value at 45° rake angle. Over 45°, the draft force increased and reached its maximum value at 75° rake angle. The draft increased with soil bulk density. The power required for moving the plough recorded the maximum value at rake angle of 15°, while the minimum value was recorded at 55° rake angle. The values of power increased with decrease of soil bulk density. The predicted values demonstrated some deviations from the experimental values of the draft force and the drawbar power.     

Management strategies to increase stand structural diversity and enhance biodiversity in coastal rainforests of Alaska

Coastal rainforests of southeast Alaska have relatively simple species composition but complex structures with high diversity of tree ages, sizes and forest canopy layers, and an abundant understory plant community. Wildlife and fisheries resources also play an important role in the ecological functioning of forest and aquatic systems. Clearcutting has greatly altered these forest ecosystems with significant decreases in structural diversity of forest stands and greatly reduced wildlife habitat. This paper synthesizes information on management options in older forests that have never been actively managed, and in younger forests to increase diversity of stand structures and their associated effects on biodiversity. Light to moderate levels of partial cutting in old-growth forests can maintain the original diversity of overstory stand structures and understory plant communities. In younger forests that develop after clearcutting, mixed alder-conifer stands provide more heterogeneous structures and significantly higher understory biomass than in pure conifer forests. Research has shown that red alder increases diversity and abundance of understory plants, and provides forage for deer and small mammals. Results also show a clear linkage between alder and improved invertebrate diversity in aquatic systems. A combination of light partial cutting in older forests along with inclusion of red alder in conifer-dominated forests could provide the greatest amount of diversity and maintain the complex stand structures that are an important component of these forest ecosystems.     

基于深度学习目标测定的大蒜收获切根装置设计与试验

为研究适用于大蒜联合收获的智能化切根装置,提出了基于机器视觉的非接触式定位切根方法,设计了一种基于深度卷积神经网络的大蒜切根试验台.试验台采用深度学习的方法,对采集到的图像进行目标检测,利用APP完成人机交互和结果显示,由深度卷积神经网络给定切根的切入位置,电机控制系统自动调整定位双圆盘切根刀完成切根处理.目标比较试验...     

基于LS-DYNA的45号钢铣削SPH算法仿真分析

基于LS-DYNA软件的SPH算法对45号钢的铣削过程进行仿真分析,得出45号钢在切削过程中的变形及切屑的形成过程,控制切削速度、进给速度、切削深度等参数,以求得切削参数对切削力的影响.     

纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置设计与试验

针对马铃薯种薯切块机械化程度低的问题,设计了一种纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置,对其关键部件进行设计,通过对马铃薯种薯切割过程的力学分析、运动学分析和能量学分析,建立了切种能量的数学模型,确定了影响马铃薯切种效果的主要因素。以切种效率、切种合格率为评价指标,以圆盘刀半径、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距、圆盘刀轴转速和夹持辊轴转速为试验因素,进行了四因素四水平正交试验。对正交试验结果进行方差和极差分析,结果表明:当圆盘刀半径为180 mm、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距为190 mm、圆盘刀轴转速为115 r/min、夹持辊轴转速为56 r/min时,切种效率为74.5 kg/min,切种合格率为98.8%,满足马铃薯切种作业要求。