农民合作社:发展农村合作金融的有效平台——基于社会资本理论的解读

许多研究认为,农村合作金融是金融抑制的结果。该研究用社会资本理论对农村合作金融的生存机理做了分析。结果表明:合作金融不是金融抑制下满足农户金融需求的过渡产物;合作金融蕴含的社会资本是它的制度优势,这也决定了农村合作金融不会因金融自由化而被商业金融取代;社会资本的作用机理决定了农村合作金融应以自发生成为主,不宜强制推广,更不宜官办;利用既有农民合作平台——农民合作社,可能是发展农村合作金融的有效途径。     

小送归铅锌矿矿区土地复垦和生态重建研究

以云南省永德县小送归铅锌矿为例,从矿山的土地复垦和生态重建出发,根据矿区的地质、土壤及气候条件制定出一套矿上土地复垦与生态重建的措施。结果表明,矿区生态环境的重建既可增加生态效益又可增加经济效益,矿区环境的恢复促进了矿区的可持续发展,具有巨大的潜在社会效益。     

新型农村社会交往的影响因素调查分析

通过对青岛市地区范围内农村的问卷调查,对新型农村社会交往的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,农民的行业选择、信息采用、投资意识及收入增加等都极大地推动了农民社会交往的发展。     

地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应。结果表明,地下滴灌不施药时滴头所在的竖直方向根密度较大,而施加少量氟乐灵后,滴头所在位置处根密度有不同程度降低,说明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系向滴头附近生长的趋势。施药时间、施药浓度和施药量均对药物排根效应显著影响,其中施药时间为极显著。施药时间越晚,排根范围越小,出苗后50d施药的平均排根范围仅为3.03cm2;施药浓度越小,排根范围越小,浓度为1.5g/L及1.2g/L的排根范围接近,而浓度为0.9g/L的平均排根范围最小,为6.0cm2;施药量越小排根范围越小,施药量为0.023g/滴头的平均排根范围为8.37cm2。     

公共图书馆如何为农民工的补偿教育服务

基于文化部、财政部在全国提出的"三馆"免费开放的背景,对公共图书馆与农民工的"补偿教育"问题进行了重新认识:一方面,服务于农民工既是公共图书馆自身的历史使命,又是公共图书馆的社会责任;另一方面,农民工的"补偿教育"也离不开公共图书馆。在此基础上又分析了在新时期公共图书馆为农民工的"补偿教育"更好服务的途径。     

明清时期芍陂的占垦问题与社会应对

在介绍明清时期芍坡地区占垦问题的基础上,探讨了官方、豪强和民间各方在占垦问题上采取的应对措施以及之间的博弈,指出传统社会后期关于占垦问题的管理思想在某种程度上具有一定的历史必然性,从而反映出地方社会对公共水力资源管理技术手段的落后,提出建立一套官方与民间相辅相成的规划、管理、运行、奖惩机制,才能避免出现水利工程时兴时废的局面。     

Social effects on crowding preferences of urban forest visitors

An image-based stated choice approach was used to investigate the conditions determining why visitors to an urban forest in Vienna feel crowded or not. Respondents (N=213) evaluated several sets of images depicting trail use scenarios with different levels of social crowding conditions and several types of social interferences. Forest users were segmented into three groups based on their global evaluations of use levels during weekends and work days, resulting in a crowding-averse, a crowding-tolerant, and a crowding-indifferent segment. Crowding-averse respondents reacted much more negatively to scenarios with high-use levels, heterogeneous trail use conditions, and violations of personal minimum spatial requirements caused by the presence of others. This user group felt overcrowded because social conditions experienced in the area interfered with their main visiting goals, especially to walk with their dog unleashed and to recreate. By contrast, crowding-tolerant respondents disliked very low-use and high-use situations, and preferred a certain amount of social stimulation in the form of some encounters, and more heterogeneous trail use conditions.     

Fire-induced changes in northern Patagonian landscapes

In northern Patagonia, Argentina we quantify changes in fire frequency along a gradient from mesic Nothofagus dombeyi forest to xeric woodlands of Austrocedrus chilensis at the steppe ecotone, and we examine patterns of vegetation change coincident with the changes in fire regimes across a range of spatial scales. At a regional scale changes in land cover types are documented by comparing 1:250000 scale cover type maps from 1913 and 1985. Changes in landscape structure are analyzed by comparing vegetation patterns on 1:24000 scale aerial photographs taken in 1940 and 1970. Fire frequency peaked in the late nineteenth-century due to widespread burning and clearing of forests by European settlers late in the century. Subsequently, fire frequency declined dramatically about 1910 due to the cessation of intentional fires and has remained low due to increasingly effective fire exclusion. At a regional scale there has been a dramatic increase during the twentieth century in the proportion of forest cover relative to areas mapped as recent burns or shrublands in 1913. Remnant forest patches that survived the widespread late-nineteenth century burning have coalesced to form more continuous forest covers, and formerly continuous areas of shrublands have become dissected by forest. Under reduced fire frequency there has been a shift in dominance from short-lived resprouting species (mostly shrubs) towards longer-lived species and obligate seed-dispersers such as Austrocedrus chilensis and Nothofagus dombeyi. Due to limited seed dispersal of these tree species, the spatial configuration of remnant forest patches plays a key role in subsequent changes in landscape pattern.     

Evaluation of a Competitive Exclusion Culture and Megan Vac 1 on Salmonella Typhimurium Colonization in Neonatal Broiler Chickens

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of individual or simultaneous application of 2 products, a competitive exclusion culture (CEC) or Megan Vac 1 (MV), for bioefficacy in reducing Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) cecal colonization in broiler chicks following experimental challenge. In experiment 1, CEC and MV were applied to day-of-hatch broiler chicks, and chicks were experimentally challenged with ST approximately 48 h later. In control chicks, ST was recovered at a level of 3.84 log₁₀ cfu/g following direct plating of cecal contents, and 12 of 19 (63.15%) cultured individual ceca were positive following selective enrichment. In chicks receiving CEC by spray application on day of hatch, a numerical reduction in ST recovered from cecal contents (2.63 log₁₀ cfu/g) and a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in recovery of ST from cultured ceca following selective enrichment (4 of 18, or 22.2%) was observed when compared with controls. Significant reductions in ST cecal colonization in chicks treated with MV alone were not observed in experiment 1. In experiment 2, chicks received day-of-hatch spray application of CEC alone, MV alone, or CEC and MV as a combined application immediately prior to or within 24 h of chick placement. When chicks were experimentally challenged with ST 48 h posthatch, significant reductions (P < 0.05) in cecal colonization by ST were observed with each experimental group when compared with nontreated controls. These data suggest that both commercially available products, alone or in combination, are efficacious in reducing cecal colonization in broiler chicks challenged with ST.     

Role of social networks in urban forest management collaboration: A case study in northern Japan

Public participation is crucial for sustainable forest management. In particular, in urban forest areas, it is an important tool for overcoming conflicts among diverse needs regarding the forests through collaboration between citizens and governments. Such collaboration requires social learning. Social learning is dependent upon the presence of social networks that serve as an infrastructure for social capital. This study analyses the role of the social network in a participatory forest management approach of the Nopporo Forest Regeneration Project (NFRP) in the urban Nopporo National Forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan, aimed at restoring a typhoon damaged forest.Within the framework of the participatory approach the project hascreated a network of several citizen organizations for exchanging information. Outside this formal NFRP network several additional citizenorganizations are concerned about the Nopporo Forest management. The article describes the overall social network that has evolved around the Nopporo Forest and compares the attitudes and evaluations of the NFRP network organizations and the not formally NFRP related organizations towards their collaboration with government agencies and other citizen organizations. The overall social network around the Nopporo Forest had a multi-nodal character with the National Forest Agency and Hokkaido Prefectural Government acting as main central nodes. Only a few citizen organizations had direct relations to both central nodes; many organizations had links to either the National Forest Agency or the Prefectural Government. The organizations involved in the formal NFRP network had close ties with the National Forest Agency. This contributed to a positive evaluation of present forest management approach and the collaborative activities of the government agencies. In contrast, the organizations that were not involved in the formal NFRP network were found to have fewer ties with the National Forest Agency. The lack of opportunity to form a direct social learning relation hindered the formation of social capital and resulted in a lower evaluation of the participatory management approach as well as of the collaborative activities. Thus, although the participatory forest management approach of establishing formal social networks enhanced collaboration between the National Forest Agency and several citizen organizations and social learning, it was less successful in encouraging a democratic process involving all interested citizen organizations.