The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

种子超干贮藏对紫花苜蓿前期生长和生理特性的影响

采用硅胶室温干燥法对陇东紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L. cv. Longdong）种子进行超干处理,使其含水量由9.03%（CK）分别降至7.09%～4.59%共八个不同含水量水平,用铝箔纸密封,常温下贮藏1年后,采用沙培盆栽试验,研究种子超干贮藏对苜蓿生长和生理的影响。结果表明,超干贮藏后,紫花苜蓿种子的出苗数、植株的株高比CK显著提高,MDA含量显著降低。播种第30天时,含水量为6.36%～4.59%处理种子的出苗数较CK提高25%～50%;播种第60天时,种子含水量为6.36%～5.46%处理的植株株高较CK提高11.02%～15.68%,各超干处理种子的植株MDA含量仅为CK的44.92%～70.29%;所有处理植株的根体积、地上干重、地下干重和可溶性糖含量仅为CK的55.36%～89.29%、63.06%～88.05%、50.71%～76.69%和63.35%～97.86%;除4.59%含水量处理的叶片数和5.18%含水量处理的根瘤数与CK比差异不显著,其它各处理的单株叶片数与根瘤数均显著低于CK,其中各超干处理的根瘤数仅为CK的63.00%～92.56%。说明超干贮藏能够提高苜蓿种子的出苗数、植株的株高和耐受性,但降低了植株的生物量及根体积,并影响了叶片生长及根瘤的形成。     

种薯芽眼摆向不同对马铃薯性状的影响

以洛马铃薯8号为材料,设置种薯芽眼向上、向下、侧向3个摆向,研究其对早熟春播马铃薯性状的影响。试验结果表明,马铃薯薯块芽眼摆向不同对性状有较大影响,芽眼向下播种的马铃薯与常规播种(芽眼向上)相比,株高增高4.14 cm,芽眼根增多,匍匐根增加1.1条,地上茎增粗1.12 mm,地下茎增长3.68 cm,匍匐茎增加1.19条,块茎增加1.06个,产量增加272.48 kg/667 m2,而大中薯比例、商品率基本相同,绿薯率极低,品质改善。     

民勤荒漠区主要植物的物候特性与牧草利用

通过设置样方、样点和运用物候观测,对退化荒漠植物群落进行轻度放牧利用分析,即运用植被状况与降水量的关系,分析限制植物生长的因素;运用不同稳定性沙丘的植被状况和土壤种子库资料,分析荒漠草地的可利用性和可利用程度;运用物候资料分析民勤荒漠区(灌木和草本植物)牧草利用的主要季节。结果表明:民勤荒漠草地土壤种子库中植物种子丰富,影响当地植物密度和植被盖度的关键因素是降水,可进行轻度放牧。轻度放牧时,要依据牧草展叶盛期的开始序列和果熟期的开始序列选择植物群落,实行小规模、间歇式轮牧。展叶盛期为一年中牧草的第1个利用季节,果熟期为一年中的第2个利用季节。     

Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems

Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms.     

南方红豆杉种子透性及甲醇浸提液的生物测定

对南方红豆杉种子休眠原因进行研究。结果表明:南方红豆杉种皮的透水性不是引起休眠的主要原因。南方红豆杉种子各部分的甲醇浸提液作生物测定,表明种子的内种皮、中种皮及胚乳均含有某些抑制物质,对白菜苗高和根长的生长有一定的抑制作用。其中以内种皮的抑制能力为最高,胚乳次之,中种皮最少。表明南方红豆杉种子的胚乳、内种皮和中种皮存在的多种有机化合物是造成南方红豆杉种子休眠的主要原因之一。     

UV-B辐射对三种常见高原牧草种子萌发及出苗的影响研究

采用人工紫外线辐射(UV-B)增强处理多年生牧草品种冷地早熟禾(Poa crymophila Keng).、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb).和中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis Keng)种子,测定其发芽率、苗长、胚根/胚芽比值,以研究UV-B辐射对牧草种子萌发及出苗的影响。结果表明:紫外线增加0.50 W.m2时,对三种牧草种子的发芽率、苗长和胚根/胚芽的影响均不明显;增加1.00 W.m2时,对三种牧草种子的发芽率有影响但均不显著;对3种牧草种子的苗长和胚根/胚芽的影响显著;增加1.25 W.m2时,3种牧草中的发芽率差异不显著,而幼苗和胚根/胚芽值差异均显著。3种牧草的影响程度由大到小依次为:中华羊茅、垂穗披碱草、冷地早熟禾,说明增加UV-B辐射不会影响到高寒草地上主要禾草的种子萌发。     

我国西北地区苜蓿种子产业化发展优势与对策

我国西北地区发展苜蓿种子产业不仅具有得天独厚的资源优势,而且还具有较好的经济效益和巨大的生产潜力。由于长期对苜蓿种子生产不重视,苜蓿栽培历史虽然悠久,但迄今苜蓿种子生产同有形成较大规模的产业,种子商品化极低,种子生产资源优势还没有转变为经济优势,只有加快苜蓿种子产业化步伐,才能改变目前西北地区苜蓿种子生产的落后局面。     

高寒退化草地恢复中种子包衣对出苗的影响

采用植物性吸水材料对垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutant)和山野豌豆(Vicia amoena)种子进行包衣处理,在模拟高寒草地条件下观察包衣种子的出苗,同时测定包衣混合物的持水力.结果表明,最适条件下两种牧草种子的出苗率分别为86%和88%;在模拟条件下,种子的出苗率分别为38%和24%.经过包衣处理后,种子的出苗...     

鸡溶菌酶基因3＇端MAR在同源细胞系对基因表达调控的研究

用带有鸡溶菌酶基因增强子（Ｅ）和启动子（Ｐ）的编码细菌氯霉素乙酰基转移酶（ＣＡＴ）的融合基因（ＥＰＣ），在其上游区、下游区或在上游和下游区同时插入鸡溶菌酶基因３＇端核基质附着区（ＭＡＲ）的不同表达载体ＭＥＰＣ、ＥＰＣＭ和ＭＥＰＣＭ，稳定转染鸡ＨＤ１１Ｐｒｏｍａｃｒｏｐｈａｇｅ同源细胞系，筛选不同表达载体稳定整合后的细胞株，检测ＣＡＴ表达水平，确定其表达基因拷贝数，从而分析鸡溶菌酶基因３＇端ＭＡＲ对基因表达的影响。稳定整合表达和瞬时表达实验结果表明，鸡溶菌酶基因３＇端ＭＡＲ在同源细胞系对基因表达没有激活作用，与该基因５＇端ＭＡＲ在同源或异源细胞系中能激活基因表达形成鲜明对照，说明５＇瑞ＭＡＲ和３＇端ＭＡＲ在调节鸡溶菌酶基因表达上存在一种协调关系。