蒲公英酶解抗菌肽的分析

为拓展蒲公英抗菌肽在抗菌类新药领域的开发应用,利用酶解法制备蒲公英抗菌肽对比蒲公英蛋白大于10 kD组分、3~10 kD组分、1~3 kD组分、小于1 kD组分的抑菌活性,根据筛选结果对抑菌活性较强的组分使用LC-MS技术进行结构解析来分析药效物质基础。结果表明:各组分对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长抑制活性顺序为酶解肽>小于1 kD组分>1~3 kD组分>3~10 kD组分>大于10 kD组分>空白对照。推断分析小于1 kD组分结构发现3个寡肽:PGYGT-T1的结构为NH2-Asp-Val-COOH,PGYGT-T2的结构为NH2-Asn-Glu-COOH,PGYGT-T3的结构为NH2-Val-Arg-COOH;推断分析酶解肽结构发现3个寡肽:PGYGT-M1的结构为NH2-PHe-Lys-COOH或NH2-PHe-Gln-COOH,PGYGT-M2的结构为NH2-His-Cys-COOH,PGYGT-M3的结构为NH2-Val-Arg-COOH,结果说明蒲公英抑菌活性最好的酶解肽组分和小于1 kD组分药效物质均为寡肽类成分。该研究为蒲公英蛋白肽的开发利用及蒲公英抗菌肽新药的生产提供帮助。     

小肽的吸收机制及其营养作用

对小肽的吸收机制、吸收特点,营养作用,以及影响小肽吸收的因素进行了论述,并阐述了小肽研究的最新进展。     

Farmland birds and resource protection in the UK: Cross-cutting solutions for multi-functional farming?

Farmland bird declines in Europe are well documented. In the UK, agri-environment schemes are key mechanisms for reversing the declines of birds and other farmland biodiversity, but recent reviews suggest that wet habitats might be a gap in provision by these schemes. Important resources provided by wet habitats include: (i) damp soil, for probing species; (ii) permanent water to provide water-dependent invertebrates, as a source of food; (iii) bare or sparsely vegetated ground in the draw-down zone, to improve access to food; (iv) rank emergent vegetation for nesting. However, wet habitats have been lost from farmland as a result of loss of ponds and filling of ditches, as well as the effective removal of water from fields by surface run-off, itself affected by soil compaction, and extensive under-field drainage. The efficient removal of water from fields can cause problems downstream, both through flooding, and diffuse pollution. Regular farmland pollutants include pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment, leading to environmental problems such as eutrophication and reduced quality of drinking water. Major new political instruments, such as the Water Framework Directive, will aim to reduce the impact of this diffuse pollution from agriculture. A variety of solutions to diffuse pollution, such as conservation tillage, buffer strips at field edges, and small constructed wetlands, could simultaneously provide some of the resources required by farmland birds. We suggest that future agri-environment schemes, to be truly multifunctional, could focus on bringing these diverse objectives together.     

Enhanced biological cycling of phosphorus increases its availability to crops in low-input sub-Saharan farming systems

Many soils in sub-Saharan Africa, which are farmed by smallholders, are P deficient and highly P fixing. Furthermore, P inputs supplied as farmyard manure (FYM) or inorganic P fertilizer are normally too small to replace P offtakes by crops. Consequently most soils are in a negative P balance, which is reflected in small, and often declining, crop yields. The obvious solution of simply applying adequate P is seldom an option due to shortages of manure, which is usually low in nutrients in any case, and the high cost of inorganic P fertilizer relative to the likely cash value of the harvest. Our aim was to see if we could devise practical methods to increase soil P availability in this situation and to investigate the mechanisms involved. Two approaches were adopted. Firstly, to attempt to saturate the P-fixing sites in the soils by applying a large annual application of P (75 kg P ha⁻¹), which should serve for several seasons. Secondly, to attempt to keep the fertilizer P in biological forms by supplying fertilizer P and cattle manure (FYM) in combination. Here, the aim was to promote the cycling of P through the soil microbial biomass and associated metabolite pools, with the expected result of decreasing P fixation and increased plant availability of this P. These treatments were investigated using two field sites on smallholder farms in Kenya: one, considered a ‘high P fixing’ soil at Malava (Kakamega District) and one considered a ‘low P fixing’ soil at Mau Summit (Nakuru District). The following treatments were applied in 1997 and 1998: nil; 75 kg P ha⁻¹ as super phosphate (P); 25 kg P ha⁻¹; FYM at 1.9 t ha⁻¹ dry matter; FYM+25 kg P ha⁻¹. All treatments also received 100 kg inorganic N ha⁻¹. Maize was the test crop. There was no significant correlation in either year at either site between soil P, measured as NaHCO₃-extractable P, resin P or NaOH-extractable P and maize yield. However, the different soil P fractions were closely correlated with each other. Yields at the high P rate (75 kg ha⁻¹y⁻¹) were often little better than the control. There was, however, a significant positive relationship (P<0.05) between soil microbial biomass P and crop yield, again at both sites and in both years. The treatment giving the best yield and the largest biomass P was always FYM+P. Our results indicate that the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers in these low input systems may promote increased biological cycling, enhanced availability and consequently improved plant uptake of soil and fertiliser P, to the advantage of the small scale farmer. The results also indicate that biomass P measurements may provide a better indicator of soil P availability in these soils than some more conventional chemical extractants. However, both findings require further evaluation.     

章鱼下脚料酶解工艺优化的研究

利用Arazyme蛋白酶酶解章鱼下脚料,以酶解液中的多肽含量为指标,研究加酶量、酶解时间、料水比3个因素对酶解效果的影响,利用正交试验对酶解工艺进行优化,确定酶解的最佳条件。结果表明,在加酶量300 U/g,料水比1∶15,酶解时间3 h,酶解液中的多肽质量浓度达5.079 8 mg/mL。     

复合酶解大豆蛋白工艺的研究

以大豆蛋白为原料,采用复合蛋白酶Protamex与木瓜蛋白酶酶解,并通过单因素和正交试验分析。结果表明,Protamex酶与木瓜蛋白酶配比为6∶4,pH值为7.0,底物质量分数为5%,酶解时间为8 h,温度为60℃且水解度达到34.59%,为最佳酶解工艺。     

甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜远缘杂交选育新品系的主要性状及其硼效应研究

研究了甘蓝型油菜与蔊菜远缘杂交选育的9个油菜新品系的主要性状及对硼的敏感性。结果表明,3F206-1、3F207-4和3F207-5等3个新品系的主要性状较好、抗硼性强、产量较高且稳定。     

重叠区扩增法合成抗菌肽B基因

人工设计并合成了抗菌肽 B基因的 4个寡聚核苷酸片段 ,通过重叠区扩增法 ,扩增出了相当于抗菌肽基因全长的寡聚核苷酸片段。经克隆测序 ,证明成功地实现了抗菌肽基因的人工合成、拼接和克隆。     

含肽肝素渣水解物对早期断奶仔猪免疫功能的影响

本试验研究了含肽肝素渣水解物对早期断奶仔猪免疫器官生长发育、血清IgG含量、淋巴细胞数、腹泻指数以及生产性能的影响。试验表明,肝素渣水解后产生的寡肽可促进仔猪免疫器官发育,提高血清免疫球蛋白浓度、猪瘟抗体OD值和血液中淋巴细胞数,提高了断奶仔猪的免疫功能,降低了仔猪的腹泻指数,并能提高仔猪的日增重和饲料转化率。     

Reverse leasing and power dynamics among blue agave farmers in western Mexico

We examine changing production relations in the Mexican tequila industry to explore the ways in which large industrial firms are using “reverse leasing arrangements,” a form of contract farming, to extend their control over small agave farmers. Under these arrangements, smallholders rent their parcels to contracting companies who bring in capital, machinery, labor, and other agricultural inputs. Smallholders do not have access to their land, nor do they make any of the management decisions. We analyze the factors that have led some producers to participate in reverse leasing arrangements, while allowing other producers to continue farming independently. In addition, we look at the ways in which farmers are responding to these new production relations and constraints and the strategies that they are using to regain control over the production process.