Gaseous and leaching nitrogen losses from no-tillage and conventional tillage systems following surface application of cattle manure

Previous studies have demonstrated inconsistent results on the impact of tillage systems on nitrogen (N) losses from field-applied manure. This study assessed the impact of no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems on gaseous N losses, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios and NO₃⁻-N leaching following surface application of cattle manure. The study was undertaken during the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons at two field sites in Nova Scotia namely, Streets Ridge (SR) in Cumberland County and the Bio-environmental Engineering Centre (BEEC) in Truro. Results showed that the NT system had higher (p < 0.05) NH₃ losses than CT. Over the two seasons, manure incorporation in CT reduced NH₃ losses on average by 86% at SR and 78% at BEEC relative to NT. At both sites and during both seasons, denitrification rates and N₂O fluxes in NT were generally higher than in CT plots, presumably due to higher soil water and organic matter content in NT. Over the two seasons, mean denitrification rates at SR were 239 and 119 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 120 and 64 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. At BEEC mean denitrification rates were 114 and 71 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹, while N₂O fluxes were 52 and 27 g N ha⁻¹ d⁻¹ under NT and CT, respectively. Conversely, N₂O:N₂O + N₂ ratios were lower in NT than CT suggesting more complete reduction of N₂O to N₂ under NT. When averaged across all soil depths, NO₃⁻-N was higher (p < 0.05) in CT than NT. Nitrate-N decreased with depth at both sites regardless of tillage. In most cases, NO₃⁻-N was higher under CT than NT at all soil depths. Similarly, flow-weighted average NO₃⁻-N concentrations in drainage water were generally higher under CT. This may be partly attributed to higher denitrification rates under NT. Therefore, NT may be a viable strategy to remove NO₃⁻-N from the soil, and thus, reduce NO₃⁻-N contamination of groundwater. However, it should be noted that while the use of NT reduces NO₃⁻-N leaching it may come with unintended environmental tradeoffs, including increased NH₃ and N₂O emissions.     

Mehlich3方法与常规方法测定土壤养分相关性初步研究

采取Mehlich3(以下简称M3法)方法和常规标准方法测定了41个土壤样品的有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌和有效硼。通过对两种方法测定结果的分析,探讨二者的相关性。土壤有效磷M3方法与常规方法相关系数达到0.9085,为最高,有效铜M3方法与常规方法相关系数为0.1556,为最低。有效铜、有效硼测定结果的相关性很差。M3方法与常规方法测定土壤养分在有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铁、有效锰、有效锌上达到极显著水平,其数值可以通过回归方程相互转换利用。     

华北平原春玉米季土壤硝态氮动态及氮素矿化的特征

为进一步明确推荐施氮的优势所在,并为春玉米制定合理的施氮策略,本文在高肥力土壤条件下,通过设计不同氮肥管理模式.研究了春玉米季0—150 cm土体土壤NO_3~-—N动态和氮素矿化的特征。结果表明,经验施氮0—90 cm土层NO_3~-—N含量呈单峰曲线变化,峰值一般在400 kg/hm~2以上,90—150 cm土层则富积了大量的NO_3~-—N,潜在淋洗量很大。不施氮条件下,土壤表现出较强的净矿化势,并且净矿化速率和玉米生长速率有较好的协同性,二者同在大喇叭口至吐丝期达到最大值,但土壤供氮能力逐年下降。推荐施氮使得0—90 cm土层NO_3~-—N总体保持在100～200 kg/hm~2范围内,既确保作物的吸收又减少了氮素淋洗损失。研究表明,三年来推荐施氮共节省氮肥475 kg/hm~2,氮肥利用率提高了14%。     

绵羊甲状腺miR-370-3p靶向COL4A3基因调控繁殖力性状的初步研究

为探讨小尾寒羊甲状腺组织中与繁殖功能相关的miR-370-3p与COL4A3的靶向关系,本研究利用miRDB与Targetscan网站预测了miR-370-3p的靶基因,并取其交集进行功能富集分析,通过RNAhybrid与Targetscan网站预测绵羊miR-370-3p与候选靶基因的结合位点;随后检测了miR-370-3p与COL4A3基因在小尾寒羊甲状腺组织中的相对表达量。构建psiCHECK2-COL4A3-3′UTR-野生型/突变型双荧光素酶载体,并将其与miR-370-3p mimics/mimics NC共转染至HEK293T细胞并检测荧光活性。结果显示：1)miR-370-3p的靶基因可富集到孕酮介导的卵母细胞成熟、卵母细胞减数分裂、HIF-1信号通路、MAPK信号通路、mTOR信号通路、Ras信号通路和FoxO信号通路等与动物繁殖有关的信号通路中。2)miR-370-3p可与COL4A3基因3′UTR区域结合,且两者在小尾寒羊甲状腺组织中表达呈相反趋势。3)共转染psiCHECK2-COL4A3-3′UTR-野生型和miR-370-3p mimics组的荧光素酶活性显...     

红苞凤梨AbF3′5′H基因上游调控因子筛选

颜色是观赏植物最重要的性状之一,也是当前观赏园艺育种的一个重要方向。为研究红苞凤梨红蓝色彩的呈现机制,初步分析金边红苞凤梨(Ananas comosus var.bracteatus)不同组织中花青素种类与含量,用AbF3′5′H基因启动子构建诱饵载体,利用酵母单杂交(Y1H)文库筛选其上游调控转录因子;并采用酵母单杂交验证技术,验证筛选出的转录因子与AbF3′5′H启动子的互作关系。结果表明：花青素的种类组成和相对比例决定了组织的颜色性状,AbF3′5′H是花青素合成途径种类分支的关键基因,在花青素种类组成与相对比例调控中具有重要作用;AbBTB/POZ、AbHSP81-1和AbGLOX能够与AbF3′5′H的启动子结合而调控其转录,可能在红苞凤梨花青素合成代谢调控中发挥重要作用。研究结果对于进一步揭示红苞凤梨花青素合成代谢调控机理,研究红苞凤梨呈色机理,培育叶色新品种有着重要的理论和实践意义。     

Field testing of different synthetic attractants for mass trapping of common European cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha [L.], Coleoptera,Scarabaeidae) adults

Between 2012 and 2014, we tested the efficacy of different synthetic attractants for the purpose of massive trapping of common European cockchafer adults (Melolontha melolontha). The research took place in three different locations in Slovenia (Otlica, ?rni Vrh nad Idrijo, Cesta nad Ajdov??ino) during flight periods of adult beetles. In the period 2013–2014, we used, on the basis of the preliminary test results (2012), the following chemicals: toluquinone, cis–3–hexen–1-ol, ethyl acetate, toluquinone?+?cis–3 hexen–1-ol, and ethanol as a control. M. melolontha adults were most abundant in the location ?rni Vrh nad Idrijo; the traps in this location caught 18 times more of them than those in the first location and more than six times more than those in the third location. Male insects accounted for 73 to 87% of the trapped specimens. We confirmed the highest efficiency of cis–3–hexen–1-ol in 2013 (43.25?±?0.08 males/trap), as well as in 2014 (15.00?±?0.14 males/trap). On the basis of the trapped adult common European cockchafers and the simple economic analysis of applying different synthetic substances for attracting them, we found that independent application of cis-3-hexen-1-ol is the most efficient and cost-effective option for attracting the studied insect pest. Consequently, we recommend it as an attractant in the traps for massive trapping of adult common European cockchafers.     

牦牛、犏牛睾丸组织中SYCP 3基因mRNA表达水平研究

本文采用RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR对牦牛SYCP3基因的组织表达,以及SYCP3基因在牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中的表达水平进行分析。结果表明,SYCP3基因在牦牛睾丸组织中特异表达,牦牛与犏牛睾丸组织中SYCP3基因的表达水平差异极显著（P〈0．01）。睾丸和附睾组织切片显示,牦牛睾丸组织中可见各级生精细胞,附睾内可见发育良好的精子,而犏牛睾丸组织中无次级精母细胞和更高级生精细胞、附睾内未观测到精子,与人和小鼠SY-CP3基因缺失或表达水平降低出现的表型一致,可以认为SYCP3基因的表达水平可能与犏牛的雄性不育有一定的关系。     

Involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in insulin-induced S6K1 activation in avian cells

In mammals, insulin regulates S6K1, a key enzyme involved in the control of protein synthesis, via the well-documented phosphoinositide-3'kinase (PI3K) pathway. Conversely, S6K1 is activated by insulin in avian muscle despite the relative insulin insensitivity of the PI3K pathway in this tissue. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is another insulin sensitive pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the potential involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in the control of p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) in avian species. Firstly, we characterized ERK1/2 MAPK in various chicken tissues. ERK2 was the only isoform detected in avian species whatever the tissue studied. We also showed that ERK2 is activated in vivo by insulin in chicken muscle. The regulation and the role of ERK2 in insulin signaling were next investigated in chicken hepatoma cells (LMH) and primary myoblasts. Insulin stimulation led to ERK2 and S6K1 phosphorylation, and concomitantly increased kinase activity. U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK MAPK pathway, completely abolished insulin-induced S6K1 phosphorylation and activity in chicken myoblasts, whereas its effect was only partial in LMH cells. In conclusion, these results show that ERK1/2 MAPK is involved in the control of S6K1 by insulin in chicken cells, particularly myoblasts.